The 2006 China peripheral security situation in general are stationary contains specific performance of tension, north, south, and west stable improvement and eastern easing tensions. Although the United States to China's policies "containment" and "contact" both hands are strengthened, but the u.s.-china economic and political cooperation also still in the sino-us relations to move forward, basic trend is still improving instead of deteriorating; North China with Russia's relations continue to remain stable momentum of development between the two countries, as a strategic partner in a series of major international issues policy coordination, near each other, relations between the two countries Christian Louboutin Evening is the problem need to be solved in uneven political and economic development of problem; Southern China and India's relationship is in the process of continuous improvement and damage, because India even the relationship, the two countries have gradually repair aware that in cooperation on issues such as energy, the necessities The western China by the Shanghai cooperation organization as the platform, and the central Asian countries further strengthen friendly relations, security cooperation and economic energy cooperation gradually to step on to new step. Contrast with other tripartite, China east security situation complex, sino-japanese relations rallied at the same time, north Korea but make the situation even sudden trend nervous, become China's current peripheral security environment is the main downside even major challenges. Sino-japanese relations at the end of the prime minister koizumi cool also continued reached rock bottom, with the new prime minister's onstage, china-japan relations show signs of improvement.
But the Korean peninsula, north Korea and fast-changing even the last corner this cold war, to the world of the political stage, become the harsh spotlight for the primary concern of the tough questions, it also forms the big test of China's diplomacy. The 2006 China security perimeter general summing-up has the following features:
1. Security towards the east, south become nearly three years in the new period of China peripheral security situation and the biggest characteristic of geopolitical changes
In recent years China's major security threats are from the east of Asia and southern areas, this trend is nearly two decades with China's reform and opening up and economic construction, but also the focus of the transfer closely related to China's geopolitical security changes since modern times total trend continues, the cold war is just a temporary episode. China's geopolitical characteristics, which is different from Britain, Japan that pure state, the right is also different from the former Soviet union, like Germany's terrestrial power countries. China is both mainland type country, and there's long coastline, and almost three decades, China's rapid economic development mainly concentrated in southeast coastal economic vitality, so China both traditional terrestrial power countries' strategic depth, and have the long term demand Marine rights. China's current in the country to terrestrial power right from the countries turn period.
2. U.s.-china relations is always affect China the important factor Christian Louboutin Boots Sale, of security perimeter, since 2006 U.S. policy in "containment" and "contact" in strengthening both
The United States military adjustment and in Asia intensified alliance of current China constitute the long-term security perimeter threat, especially for settlement of the Taiwan question form obstacles. And the complexity of the sino-us relations is that it not only not simply bilateral relationship, u.s.-china relations directly affect China's security perimeter global; And still is that it is not a simple security relations, we must proceed from China's economic, political and social comprehensive Angle to overall considerations.
3. The china-japan political relations in the years of continuous cold later, with the new session of the Japanese prime minister's visit, showing signs of improvement
Cold sino-japanese political relations in recent years affect China was once one of the main sticking point security perimeter. In "yasukuni" problem is the history behind, has never been strong relations between the two countries and the situation of China, Japan would not face up to the fact that a rising, while China based on Japan's attitude towards and treat history to Japan, the political strongly distrust of the mistrust have in east Asia economic cooperation produce negative influence. Generally speaking, we have to take the sino-japanese relations at the height of the east Asia and even the whole world to think. Sino-japanese become European franco-german, but also have no reason to be enemies.
4. North Korea regardless of China and the opposition of the international community even brazen, become China's current peripheral security's biggest crisis
Not only is even to global nuclear non-proliferation system, and the impact of the region may cause the arms race, these are the major challenges for China's security. Chinese, American and Japanese how to respond to this crisis, may rewrite the political map in northeast Asia.
5. Central Asia region to become one of the highlights China's security perimeter
Through the platform of the Shanghai cooperation organization,Tory burch outlet China not only keep up with central Asia, but also to peace and stability of the border with energy as the core to the deepening economic cooperation gradually. China and five central Asian countries relations are become China to realize "hetian mouth words all the world" diplomatic concept of "testing" and "stage". Central Asia in China the importance of peripheral strategy, which includes gradually improve against terrorism, splits, also include political considerations increasingly important energy security, and the factors of central Asian sensitivity and China's peaceful development strategy, and determines that China should not only determined to maintain its own national interests, also want to avoid with the United States,Tory Burch Pumps, Russia into the region competition.
6. The importance of non-traditional security factors is becoming more and more obvious
In addition to the traditional outside military security, the importance of Tory Burch Sandals,Sale non-traditional security factors protruding, especially energy cooperation issues will be the future of China's influence with neighboring countries relations important variables, we have necessary to establish the overall energy cooperation development strategy, and the energy security combined with other factors overall consideration. (but xing enlightenment)
Saturday, April 23, 2011
increase the whole society
Xinhua net Washington April 18 nov 6 network security full-time institutions, 130 many laws and regulations, if, with these to maintain America's network security is not enough, so in the past two years, the establishment "the White House office of network security", "the national communication and network security control joint coordination center", is the Obama administration from the country's highest level maintenance network security strategy considerations.
These are not the "network, set up national assessment team space policy," report annually; Comprehensive implementation of the national network security comprehensive plan ", in order to deal with all kinds of network threats; Solve the network threats held many departments, collaborative drill Introducing WangLaoZhan concept. Obama government this two years maintenance network security action on the network security, frequently the attention is obvious.
"Network security" is major national interests. U.S
Major U.S. Internet regulations of the telecommunications act put forward the interests of the United States need to make sure and: national security minors, intellectual property and computer security. National security need not say oneself, and intellectual property rights and computer security directly involving the American's backbone interests - the Internet industry. Minors are the country's future, their growth is the healthy development of society.
However the above these interests are safe? American network security expert Richard Clarke thinks that, informationization level is high a major weakness of America instead, Internet crime will be more rampant, harmful information will be more flood.
In fact, America's network system once attacked and its consequences as very serious. The United States, for example, on February 7, 2000, hacker incidents happened eight large web sites for 24 to 72 hours, paralyzed total losses as high as 3 days over a billion dollars; In 2005, one of America's largest credit card companies of the 40 million users mastercard bank information obtained by hackers, precipitate America's most large-scale credit card user information leak case; In May 2006, the veterans affairs department, involving theft events occur data more than 200 million soldiers, national guard members and reservists personal information.
According to American media, the congress of the United States, government most departments, the university and the enterprise - in fact, any contact with the Internet, is worth a theft and destruction of information organization -- became hacker attacks target. Fbi director Robert mueller last played in a network security conference say, "some industry insiders will this situation. We compared to cut in little by little lose data, intellectual property rights, information and source code, and, in some cases, the lost data," inestimable.
In addition, the website of speech and some extreme pornography once induce a flood of more terror incidents and adolescent infringement cases, more triggered social unrest mood.
Harvard University professor, "soft power" theory ShouChangZhe Joseph s. nye, Jr. at the end of February also wrote in the New York times, said for America, the biggest loss is a cyberspy behavior and all kinds of Internet crime caused by, but the next 10 years, the network warfare and network terrorism may become more of a threat.
In the age of the Internet to American weakness, Obama government cried foul. Obama thinks, network security has become the national economic and national security faces one of the most serious challenges.
"Strengthening coping" is the United States government first choice
In fact, in the maintenance of network security, the U.S. government has several departments shall be responsible for the subordinate, the government has six network security full-time institutions, namely, the emergency response team, affiliated computer homeland security; Joint forces global action network center, belonging to defense; National network survey joint task group, belonging to the fbi; Intelligence community network incident response center, affiliated with the national intelligence director office; Cyberspace security threats action center, belong to national security; Defence cyber crime center, belonging to the department of defense.
However, these institutions of intelligence and technology can share? Crisis, exactly how to coordinate the coping? The Internet industry is still in rapid development, the netizen team continues to expand, the network case, all these make frequent, the United States has not yet Obama was prepared to cope with the challenge of network safety preparation.
So, Obama, shortly after taking office established "web space policy assessment team", with complete assessment information and communication infrastructure security protection status and coping ability. He later adopted the assessment team submitted network space policy evaluation report, such as the suggestion maintain close contacts with the President established the "White House network safety coordinator" and set up "the White House network security office", coordinate the federal government's military and civil department network security policy and action
By the end of 2009, the United States has also established a "national communication and network security control joint coordination center", the main job is to coordinate and integration of the six network security full-time institutions to provide information, interdisciplinary network space development trend, analysis and report the ability to judge the operation status of the national network space.
Barack Obama in the government watch, former President bush signed the "national network security comprehensive plan" is also are fully implemented. This plan includes a series of complementary policies and measures, and the goal is by establishing and improving the federal government to network vulnerabilities, internal threats and safety accidents, ultimately through understanding of the risk at all levels of the government and the private sector, increase the whole society cooperation decisive action, reducing vulnerabilities and the ability to prevent invasion, strengthen future network space security. The government also organized governments at all levels and departments of network attack maneuvers to collaborative.
In the children's online pornography crime blow job, the federal government will undoubtedly plays a leading role, multiple department has established a special agency or start special project strike child pornography. For example, the justice department funded the network crime hit children special forces, for state and local relevant action providing technology, equipment and manpower support.
Established on laws and regulations, from advanced network coordination management institutions, to assess the network security situation, formulate response plan and relevant exercise, the United States is held by the United States maintains multiple mechanism of network security and national interests.
These are not the "network, set up national assessment team space policy," report annually; Comprehensive implementation of the national network security comprehensive plan ", in order to deal with all kinds of network threats; Solve the network threats held many departments, collaborative drill Introducing WangLaoZhan concept. Obama government this two years maintenance network security action on the network security, frequently the attention is obvious.
"Network security" is major national interests. U.S
Major U.S. Internet regulations of the telecommunications act put forward the interests of the United States need to make sure and: national security minors, intellectual property and computer security. National security need not say oneself, and intellectual property rights and computer security directly involving the American's backbone interests - the Internet industry. Minors are the country's future, their growth is the healthy development of society.
However the above these interests are safe? American network security expert Richard Clarke thinks that, informationization level is high a major weakness of America instead, Internet crime will be more rampant, harmful information will be more flood.
In fact, America's network system once attacked and its consequences as very serious. The United States, for example, on February 7, 2000, hacker incidents happened eight large web sites for 24 to 72 hours, paralyzed total losses as high as 3 days over a billion dollars; In 2005, one of America's largest credit card companies of the 40 million users mastercard bank information obtained by hackers, precipitate America's most large-scale credit card user information leak case; In May 2006, the veterans affairs department, involving theft events occur data more than 200 million soldiers, national guard members and reservists personal information.
According to American media, the congress of the United States, government most departments, the university and the enterprise - in fact, any contact with the Internet, is worth a theft and destruction of information organization -- became hacker attacks target. Fbi director Robert mueller last played in a network security conference say, "some industry insiders will this situation. We compared to cut in little by little lose data, intellectual property rights, information and source code, and, in some cases, the lost data," inestimable.
In addition, the website of speech and some extreme pornography once induce a flood of more terror incidents and adolescent infringement cases, more triggered social unrest mood.
Harvard University professor, "soft power" theory ShouChangZhe Joseph s. nye, Jr. at the end of February also wrote in the New York times, said for America, the biggest loss is a cyberspy behavior and all kinds of Internet crime caused by, but the next 10 years, the network warfare and network terrorism may become more of a threat.
In the age of the Internet to American weakness, Obama government cried foul. Obama thinks, network security has become the national economic and national security faces one of the most serious challenges.
"Strengthening coping" is the United States government first choice
In fact, in the maintenance of network security, the U.S. government has several departments shall be responsible for the subordinate, the government has six network security full-time institutions, namely, the emergency response team, affiliated computer homeland security; Joint forces global action network center, belonging to defense; National network survey joint task group, belonging to the fbi; Intelligence community network incident response center, affiliated with the national intelligence director office; Cyberspace security threats action center, belong to national security; Defence cyber crime center, belonging to the department of defense.
However, these institutions of intelligence and technology can share? Crisis, exactly how to coordinate the coping? The Internet industry is still in rapid development, the netizen team continues to expand, the network case, all these make frequent, the United States has not yet Obama was prepared to cope with the challenge of network safety preparation.
So, Obama, shortly after taking office established "web space policy assessment team", with complete assessment information and communication infrastructure security protection status and coping ability. He later adopted the assessment team submitted network space policy evaluation report, such as the suggestion maintain close contacts with the President established the "White House network safety coordinator" and set up "the White House network security office", coordinate the federal government's military and civil department network security policy and action
By the end of 2009, the United States has also established a "national communication and network security control joint coordination center", the main job is to coordinate and integration of the six network security full-time institutions to provide information, interdisciplinary network space development trend, analysis and report the ability to judge the operation status of the national network space.
Barack Obama in the government watch, former President bush signed the "national network security comprehensive plan" is also are fully implemented. This plan includes a series of complementary policies and measures, and the goal is by establishing and improving the federal government to network vulnerabilities, internal threats and safety accidents, ultimately through understanding of the risk at all levels of the government and the private sector, increase the whole society cooperation decisive action, reducing vulnerabilities and the ability to prevent invasion, strengthen future network space security. The government also organized governments at all levels and departments of network attack maneuvers to collaborative.
In the children's online pornography crime blow job, the federal government will undoubtedly plays a leading role, multiple department has established a special agency or start special project strike child pornography. For example, the justice department funded the network crime hit children special forces, for state and local relevant action providing technology, equipment and manpower support.
Established on laws and regulations, from advanced network coordination management institutions, to assess the network security situation, formulate response plan and relevant exercise, the United States is held by the United States maintains multiple mechanism of network security and national interests.
Obama government this two years
Xinhua net Washington April 18 nov 6 network security full-time institutions, 130 many laws and regulations, if, with these to maintain America's network security is not enough, so in the past two years, the establishment "the White House office of network security", "the national communication and network security control joint coordination center", is the Obama administration from the country's highest level maintenance network security strategy considerations.
These are not the "network, set up national assessment team space policy," report annually; Comprehensive implementation of the national network security comprehensive plan ", in order to deal with all kinds of network threats; Solve the network threats held many departments, collaborative drill Introducing WangLaoZhan concept. Obama government this two years maintenance network security action on the network security, frequently the attention is obvious.
"Network security" is major national interests. U.S
Major U.S. Internet regulations of the telecommunications act put forward the interests of the United States need to make sure and: national security minors, intellectual property and computer security. National security need not say oneself, and intellectual property rights and computer security directly involving the American's backbone interests - the Internet industry. Minors are the country's future, their growth is the healthy development of society.
However the above these interests are safe? American network security expert Richard Clarke thinks that, informationization level is high a major weakness of America instead, Internet crime will be more rampant, harmful information will be more flood.
In fact, America's network system once attacked and its consequences as very serious. The United States, for example, on February 7, 2000, hacker incidents happened eight large web sites for 24 to 72 hours, paralyzed total losses as high as 3 days over a billion dollars; In 2005, one of America's largest credit card companies of the 40 million users mastercard bank information obtained by hackers, precipitate America's most large-scale credit card user information leak case; In May 2006, the veterans affairs department, involving theft events occur data more than 200 million soldiers, national guard members and reservists personal information.
According to American media, the congress of the United States, government most departments, the university and the enterprise - in fact, any contact with the Internet, is worth a theft and destruction of information organization -- became hacker attacks target. Fbi director Robert mueller last played in a network security conference say, "some industry insiders will this situation. We compared to cut in little by little lose data, intellectual property rights, information and source code, and, in some cases, the lost data," inestimable.
In addition, the website of speech and some extreme pornography once induce a flood of more terror incidents and adolescent infringement cases, more triggered social unrest mood.
Harvard University professor, "soft power" theory ShouChangZhe Joseph s. nye, Jr. at the end of February also wrote in the New York times, said for America, the biggest loss is a cyberspy behavior and all kinds of Internet crime caused by, but the next 10 years, the network warfare and network terrorism may become more of a threat.
In the age of the Internet to American weakness, Obama government cried foul. Obama thinks, network security has become the national economic and national security faces one of the most serious challenges.
"Strengthening coping" is the United States government first choice
In fact, in the maintenance of network security, the U.S. government has several departments shall be responsible for the subordinate, the government has six network security full-time institutions, namely, the emergency response team, affiliated computer homeland security; Joint forces global action network center, belonging to defense; National network survey joint task group, belonging to the fbi; Intelligence community network incident response center, affiliated with the national intelligence director office; Cyberspace security threats action center, belong to national security; Defence cyber crime center, belonging to the department of defense.
However, these institutions of intelligence and technology can share? Crisis, exactly how to coordinate the coping? The Internet industry is still in rapid development, the netizen team continues to expand, the network case, all these make frequent, the United States has not yet Obama was prepared to cope with the challenge of network safety preparation.
So, Obama, shortly after taking office established "web space policy assessment team", with complete assessment information and communication infrastructure security protection status and coping ability. He later adopted the assessment team submitted network space policy evaluation report, such as the suggestion maintain close contacts with the President established the "White House network safety coordinator" and set up "the White House network security office", coordinate the federal government's military and civil department network security policy and action
By the end of 2009, the United States has also established a "national communication and network security control joint coordination center", the main job is to coordinate and integration of the six network security full-time institutions to provide information, interdisciplinary network space development trend, analysis and report the ability to judge the operation status of the national network space.
Barack Obama in the government watch, former President bush signed the "national network security comprehensive plan" is also are fully implemented. This plan includes a series of complementary policies and measures, and the goal is by establishing and improving the federal government to network vulnerabilities, internal threats and safety accidents, ultimately through understanding of the risk at all levels of the government and the private sector, increase the whole society cooperation decisive action, reducing vulnerabilities and the ability to prevent invasion, strengthen future network space security. The government also organized governments at all levels and departments of network attack maneuvers to collaborative.
In the children's online pornography crime blow job, the federal government will undoubtedly plays a leading role, multiple department has established a special agency or start special project strike child pornography. For example, the justice department funded the network crime hit children special forces, for state and local relevant action providing technology, equipment and manpower support.
Established on laws and regulations, from advanced network coordination management institutions, to assess the network security situation, formulate response plan and relevant exercise, the United States is held by the United States maintains multiple mechanism of network security and national interests.
These are not the "network, set up national assessment team space policy," report annually; Comprehensive implementation of the national network security comprehensive plan ", in order to deal with all kinds of network threats; Solve the network threats held many departments, collaborative drill Introducing WangLaoZhan concept. Obama government this two years maintenance network security action on the network security, frequently the attention is obvious.
"Network security" is major national interests. U.S
Major U.S. Internet regulations of the telecommunications act put forward the interests of the United States need to make sure and: national security minors, intellectual property and computer security. National security need not say oneself, and intellectual property rights and computer security directly involving the American's backbone interests - the Internet industry. Minors are the country's future, their growth is the healthy development of society.
However the above these interests are safe? American network security expert Richard Clarke thinks that, informationization level is high a major weakness of America instead, Internet crime will be more rampant, harmful information will be more flood.
In fact, America's network system once attacked and its consequences as very serious. The United States, for example, on February 7, 2000, hacker incidents happened eight large web sites for 24 to 72 hours, paralyzed total losses as high as 3 days over a billion dollars; In 2005, one of America's largest credit card companies of the 40 million users mastercard bank information obtained by hackers, precipitate America's most large-scale credit card user information leak case; In May 2006, the veterans affairs department, involving theft events occur data more than 200 million soldiers, national guard members and reservists personal information.
According to American media, the congress of the United States, government most departments, the university and the enterprise - in fact, any contact with the Internet, is worth a theft and destruction of information organization -- became hacker attacks target. Fbi director Robert mueller last played in a network security conference say, "some industry insiders will this situation. We compared to cut in little by little lose data, intellectual property rights, information and source code, and, in some cases, the lost data," inestimable.
In addition, the website of speech and some extreme pornography once induce a flood of more terror incidents and adolescent infringement cases, more triggered social unrest mood.
Harvard University professor, "soft power" theory ShouChangZhe Joseph s. nye, Jr. at the end of February also wrote in the New York times, said for America, the biggest loss is a cyberspy behavior and all kinds of Internet crime caused by, but the next 10 years, the network warfare and network terrorism may become more of a threat.
In the age of the Internet to American weakness, Obama government cried foul. Obama thinks, network security has become the national economic and national security faces one of the most serious challenges.
"Strengthening coping" is the United States government first choice
In fact, in the maintenance of network security, the U.S. government has several departments shall be responsible for the subordinate, the government has six network security full-time institutions, namely, the emergency response team, affiliated computer homeland security; Joint forces global action network center, belonging to defense; National network survey joint task group, belonging to the fbi; Intelligence community network incident response center, affiliated with the national intelligence director office; Cyberspace security threats action center, belong to national security; Defence cyber crime center, belonging to the department of defense.
However, these institutions of intelligence and technology can share? Crisis, exactly how to coordinate the coping? The Internet industry is still in rapid development, the netizen team continues to expand, the network case, all these make frequent, the United States has not yet Obama was prepared to cope with the challenge of network safety preparation.
So, Obama, shortly after taking office established "web space policy assessment team", with complete assessment information and communication infrastructure security protection status and coping ability. He later adopted the assessment team submitted network space policy evaluation report, such as the suggestion maintain close contacts with the President established the "White House network safety coordinator" and set up "the White House network security office", coordinate the federal government's military and civil department network security policy and action
By the end of 2009, the United States has also established a "national communication and network security control joint coordination center", the main job is to coordinate and integration of the six network security full-time institutions to provide information, interdisciplinary network space development trend, analysis and report the ability to judge the operation status of the national network space.
Barack Obama in the government watch, former President bush signed the "national network security comprehensive plan" is also are fully implemented. This plan includes a series of complementary policies and measures, and the goal is by establishing and improving the federal government to network vulnerabilities, internal threats and safety accidents, ultimately through understanding of the risk at all levels of the government and the private sector, increase the whole society cooperation decisive action, reducing vulnerabilities and the ability to prevent invasion, strengthen future network space security. The government also organized governments at all levels and departments of network attack maneuvers to collaborative.
In the children's online pornography crime blow job, the federal government will undoubtedly plays a leading role, multiple department has established a special agency or start special project strike child pornography. For example, the justice department funded the network crime hit children special forces, for state and local relevant action providing technology, equipment and manpower support.
Established on laws and regulations, from advanced network coordination management institutions, to assess the network security situation, formulate response plan and relevant exercise, the United States is held by the United States maintains multiple mechanism of network security and national interests.
Xinhua net Washington April 18 nov 6 network security full-time institutions, 130 many laws and regulations, if, with these to maintain America's network security is not enough, so in the past two years, the establishment "the White House office of network security", "the national communication and network security control joint coordination center", is the Obama administration from the country's highest level maintenance network security strategy considerations.
These are not the "network, set up national assessment team space policy," report annually; Comprehensive implementation of the national network security comprehensive plan ", in order to deal with all kinds of network threats; Solve the network threats held many departments, collaborative drill Introducing WangLaoZhan concept. Obama government this two years maintenance network security action on the network security, frequently the attention is obvious.
"Network security" is major national interests. U.S
Major U.S. Internet regulations of the telecommunications act put forward the interests of the United States need to make sure and: national security minors, intellectual property and computer security. National security need not say oneself, and intellectual property rights and computer security directly involving the American's backbone interests - the Internet industry. Minors are the country's future, their growth is the healthy development of society.
However the above these interests are safe? American network security expert Richard Clarke thinks that, informationization level is high a major weakness of America instead, Internet crime will be more rampant, harmful information will be more flood.
In fact, America's network system once attacked and its consequences as very serious. The United States, for example, on February 7, 2000, hacker incidents happened eight large web sites for 24 to 72 hours, paralyzed total losses as high as 3 days over a billion dollars; In 2005, one of America's largest credit card companies of the 40 million users mastercard bank information obtained by hackers, precipitate America's most large-scale credit card user information leak case; In May 2006, the veterans affairs department, involving theft events occur data more than 200 million soldiers, national guard members and reservists personal information.
According to American media, the congress of the United States, government most departments, the university and the enterprise - in fact, any contact with the Internet, is worth a theft and destruction of information organization -- became hacker attacks target. Fbi director Robert mueller last played in a network security conference say, "some industry insiders will this situation. We compared to cut in little by little lose data, intellectual property rights, information and source code, and, in some cases, the lost data," inestimable.
In addition, the website of speech and some extreme pornography once induce a flood of more terror incidents and adolescent infringement cases, more triggered social unrest mood.
Harvard University professor, "soft power" theory ShouChangZhe Joseph s. nye, Jr. at the end of February also wrote in the New York times, said for America, the biggest loss is a cyberspy behavior and all kinds of Internet crime caused by, but the next 10 years, the network warfare and network terrorism may become more of a threat.
In the age of the Internet to American weakness, Obama government cried foul. Obama thinks, network security has become the national economic and national security faces one of the most serious challenges.
"Strengthening coping" is the United States government first choice
In fact, in the maintenance of network security, the U.S. government has several departments shall be responsible for the subordinate, the government has six network security full-time institutions, namely, the emergency response team, affiliated computer homeland security; Joint forces global action network center, belonging to defense; National network survey joint task group, belonging to the fbi; Intelligence community network incident response center, affiliated with the national intelligence director office; Cyberspace security threats action center, belong to national security; Defence cyber crime center, belonging to the department of defense.
However, these institutions of intelligence and technology can share? Crisis, exactly how to coordinate the coping? The Internet industry is still in rapid development, the netizen team continues to expand, the network case, all these make frequent, the United States has not yet Obama was prepared to cope with the challenge of network safety preparation.
So, Obama, shortly after taking office established "web space policy assessment team", with complete assessment information and communication infrastructure security protection status and coping ability. He later adopted the assessment team submitted network space policy evaluation report, such as the suggestion maintain close contacts with the President established the "White House network safety coordinator" and set up "the White House network security office", coordinate the federal government's military and civil department network security policy and action
By the end of 2009, the United States has also established a "national communication and network security control joint coordination center", the main job is to coordinate and integration of the six network security full-time institutions to provide information, interdisciplinary network space development trend, analysis and report the ability to judge the operation status of the national network space.
Barack Obama in the government watch, former President bush signed the "national network security comprehensive plan" is also are fully implemented. This plan includes a series of complementary policies and measures, and the goal is by establishing and improving the federal government to network vulnerabilities, internal threats and safety accidents, ultimately through understanding of the risk at all levels of the government and the private sector, increase the whole society cooperation decisive action, reducing vulnerabilities and the ability to prevent invasion, strengthen future network space security. The government also organized governments at all levels and departments of network attack maneuvers to collaborative.
In the children's online pornography crime blow job, the federal government will undoubtedly plays a leading role, multiple department has established a special agency or start special project strike child pornography. For example, the justice department funded the network crime hit children special forces, for state and local relevant action providing technology, equipment and manpower support.
Established on laws and regulations, from advanced network coordination management institutions, to assess the network security situation, formulate response plan and relevant exercise, the United States is held by the United States maintains multiple mechanism of network security and national interests.
These are not the "network, set up national assessment team space policy," report annually; Comprehensive implementation of the national network security comprehensive plan ", in order to deal with all kinds of network threats; Solve the network threats held many departments, collaborative drill Introducing WangLaoZhan concept. Obama government this two years maintenance network security action on the network security, frequently the attention is obvious.
"Network security" is major national interests. U.S
Major U.S. Internet regulations of the telecommunications act put forward the interests of the United States need to make sure and: national security minors, intellectual property and computer security. National security need not say oneself, and intellectual property rights and computer security directly involving the American's backbone interests - the Internet industry. Minors are the country's future, their growth is the healthy development of society.
However the above these interests are safe? American network security expert Richard Clarke thinks that, informationization level is high a major weakness of America instead, Internet crime will be more rampant, harmful information will be more flood.
In fact, America's network system once attacked and its consequences as very serious. The United States, for example, on February 7, 2000, hacker incidents happened eight large web sites for 24 to 72 hours, paralyzed total losses as high as 3 days over a billion dollars; In 2005, one of America's largest credit card companies of the 40 million users mastercard bank information obtained by hackers, precipitate America's most large-scale credit card user information leak case; In May 2006, the veterans affairs department, involving theft events occur data more than 200 million soldiers, national guard members and reservists personal information.
According to American media, the congress of the United States, government most departments, the university and the enterprise - in fact, any contact with the Internet, is worth a theft and destruction of information organization -- became hacker attacks target. Fbi director Robert mueller last played in a network security conference say, "some industry insiders will this situation. We compared to cut in little by little lose data, intellectual property rights, information and source code, and, in some cases, the lost data," inestimable.
In addition, the website of speech and some extreme pornography once induce a flood of more terror incidents and adolescent infringement cases, more triggered social unrest mood.
Harvard University professor, "soft power" theory ShouChangZhe Joseph s. nye, Jr. at the end of February also wrote in the New York times, said for America, the biggest loss is a cyberspy behavior and all kinds of Internet crime caused by, but the next 10 years, the network warfare and network terrorism may become more of a threat.
In the age of the Internet to American weakness, Obama government cried foul. Obama thinks, network security has become the national economic and national security faces one of the most serious challenges.
"Strengthening coping" is the United States government first choice
In fact, in the maintenance of network security, the U.S. government has several departments shall be responsible for the subordinate, the government has six network security full-time institutions, namely, the emergency response team, affiliated computer homeland security; Joint forces global action network center, belonging to defense; National network survey joint task group, belonging to the fbi; Intelligence community network incident response center, affiliated with the national intelligence director office; Cyberspace security threats action center, belong to national security; Defence cyber crime center, belonging to the department of defense.
However, these institutions of intelligence and technology can share? Crisis, exactly how to coordinate the coping? The Internet industry is still in rapid development, the netizen team continues to expand, the network case, all these make frequent, the United States has not yet Obama was prepared to cope with the challenge of network safety preparation.
So, Obama, shortly after taking office established "web space policy assessment team", with complete assessment information and communication infrastructure security protection status and coping ability. He later adopted the assessment team submitted network space policy evaluation report, such as the suggestion maintain close contacts with the President established the "White House network safety coordinator" and set up "the White House network security office", coordinate the federal government's military and civil department network security policy and action
By the end of 2009, the United States has also established a "national communication and network security control joint coordination center", the main job is to coordinate and integration of the six network security full-time institutions to provide information, interdisciplinary network space development trend, analysis and report the ability to judge the operation status of the national network space.
Barack Obama in the government watch, former President bush signed the "national network security comprehensive plan" is also are fully implemented. This plan includes a series of complementary policies and measures, and the goal is by establishing and improving the federal government to network vulnerabilities, internal threats and safety accidents, ultimately through understanding of the risk at all levels of the government and the private sector, increase the whole society cooperation decisive action, reducing vulnerabilities and the ability to prevent invasion, strengthen future network space security. The government also organized governments at all levels and departments of network attack maneuvers to collaborative.
In the children's online pornography crime blow job, the federal government will undoubtedly plays a leading role, multiple department has established a special agency or start special project strike child pornography. For example, the justice department funded the network crime hit children special forces, for state and local relevant action providing technology, equipment and manpower support.
Established on laws and regulations, from advanced network coordination management institutions, to assess the network security situation, formulate response plan and relevant exercise, the United States is held by the United States maintains multiple mechanism of network security and national interests.
China and Japan all the surrounding countries outside in the relationship
In recent years, China and Japan all the surrounding countries outside in the relationship among and improves, in this context, the sino-japanese relations of falling is especially conspicuous. Along with the changes of the Japanese prime minister, at the end of 2006, china-japan relations came to a crossroads, is to continue to decline, still rallied?
1. The yasukuni shrine question become the biggest obstacle of sino-japanese relations
In recent years, YuZhongRi relationships across the yasukuni shrine biggest obstacle is. Japanese prime minister junichiro koizumi sino-korean Korea and other countries despite strong opposition from class-a war criminals would visits to a shrine honoring the yasukuni shrine, causes the two countries' top normal communication by complete disruption political foundation of. In October 2005, Mr Koizumi in its prime minister tenure, fifth visit to the yasukuni shrine, people on its watch sino-japanese relations of the basic improvement no longer have any hope.
2006 relationship continues, emerged in recent years, and the political apathy situation the cracks between the political relations have further increase the trend. First, the Japanese prime minister junichiro koizumi remorselessly visits to the yasukuni shrine, cause sino-japanese high-level visits continue to interrupt; Second, the delimitation and energy issues, Japan attempted to put the beneficial to its own line between the scheme YuZhongFang, and buy imposed the common development in Chinese, ignoring the advice to Chinese was propositioned by requirements; Third, in expanding the scope of the japan-american ally, Japan began to publicly challenge the core interests in China; Fourth, to the folk sino-japanese cracks have extended the trend. A survey showed that the each other between the two countries folk rate is negative in further improve cognition. In China and the United States, Europe, Russia, India and the relations between big powers overall improvement and development under the background of sino-japanese political relations, the cold or even retrogress is especially prominent.
In the debate to treat history, overall liability must be in Japanese side; there's no wordiness. But not least, historical issues for the two countries inspires nationalism thought, this kind of social ideological trend in turn further restrict each other diplomatic adjustment space, making the sino-japanese relations on a "gear effect", watched each other relations step by step towards deterioration. Japan in recent years in sino-japanese relations "ShuaHeng", since Japan's domestic political transformation, social ideological trend of increasing the right-wing, also and sino-japan reflect rapid narrowing gap of strength are constantly, toward the direction of China's advantageous to the development trend of the relevant. According to exchange rates, in the early 1990s, China's GDP only Japan's 1/8, now has shrunk to nearly 1/3, consider parity, the gap between factors could be more little. Facing China's "rise", since the Meiji restoration of sino-japanese power since the real possibility pattern reversed, make Japan felt unprecedented anxiety. Again, from the overall relationship more than 2,000 years, most of the time history watching China's lead, Japan but lead for more than 100 years just. So we need to calm down, stand higher than Japan, see farther, "mirror, face the future".
2. Alert the so-called "Asian democracy alliance"
Nearly a year in dealing with China, Japan is advocating the new trend of so-called "Asian democracy alliance", as the history of China has criticized the counterspell means problems. In the so-called "democracy", ever has generally not low-key, Japan in western countries as so-called "democracy" and "human rights" as an excuse for China's attack. But recently, Japan part of public in coordination with U.S. dignitaries, so-called "transformation diplomacy", started talking about China's democratization, trying to put China's political system and the "China threat theory" that links in Asia, establish "democracy advocates national alliance", as a means of counterbalance Chinese.
The so-called "transformation diplomacy" another word, is the current secretary of state condoleezza rice on January 18, 2006 at the Georgetown university in Washington for the transformation of titled "shaped American diplomacy: the diplomatic situation" 21st century presented in the speech. "Transformation diplomacy" includes two meanings, the first layer also is the most important significance lies in the United States through diplomatic promotion to the definition of democracy, which contributed to the democratic state to the transformation of democratic countries. The second mean America's embracing democratic political methods and tools, also is the transformation of the transformation of diplomacy. Rice explicitly pointed out that the United States "transformation of diplomatic" mainly aimed at the object is China, Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, and South Africa is emerging regional leading countries. The bush administration has always hang with the so-called "mouth edge in extended democracy" strategic schooling.
Taro aso in 2005 October after taking Japanese foreign minister position, published on "my Asian strategy - Japan should become Asia's practice of Thought Leader, a pioneer of the long speech clarify his own foreign policy idea, is Japan to take a leadership role in east Asia a declaration. In his speech Mr Aso of Japan's so-called highly boasted democratic achievements, claiming "Japan has accumulated more than Asian countries rich experiences", should be "continue to be examples of Asia". Taro aso speech reflects growing up Japan after world war ii with the new generation of politicians, some of the universal mind they face China not only no guilt, but there is a blind superiority, claiming that what "democratic regime never bow to repressive regimes.
This is the batch of politicians in the history of the important psychological foundation stubborn.
Japan part of so-called "Asia dignitaries, advocating democratic alliance, is being some" Taiwan independence "molecular spare no effort to preach to use. Worth our vigilance, a so-called the u.s.-japan alliance is concealed the prototype of the platform, the alliance is not only the forming of military alliance, is the so-called democracy alliance, using so-called democracy to press China also is not impossible. Japan advocates democracy in Asia, has apparently aimed at China, but has so that China to its historical problem counter criticism intentions. Attitude
3. Crossing
Sino-japanese in recent years around the yasukuni shrine dispute, is basic reason is that the Japanese society, but also the YouQingHua with Mr Koizumi has relationship personality. The longest tenure as Japan's post-war Japanese prime minister koizumi's personal charisma to Japan's political influence is the vast majority of Japanese prime minister incomparable, his policy with strong individual imprinting. Because people of Mr Koizumi of china-japan relations improve leadership utterly disappointed, naturally take improving sino-japanese relations of hope after YuXiaoQuan the next session of the Japanese government can converted, so Mr Koizumi's successor candidate become the focus of attention.
In September, 2006, 21, was elected Japan LDP, shinzo Abe, 26, took new national official Japanese prime minister junichiro koizumi become. Mr Abe to improve relations between the incoming bring new opportunities in sino-japanese relations towards improvement seems to that direction. After Abe's first game as press conference, clearly emphasize the importance of china-japan relations, and says to redouble efforts to improve with China and South Korea and other Asian neighbors and Russia relationship. October 8, Abe was invited to visit in five years. The first visit by Japanese prime minister Sino-japanese political relations began bottoming out.
Abe words from the previous view, no thoughts and signs that he will be fundamentally to dance to another tune. But compared with Mr Koizumi, he didn't Mr Koizumi's personal charisma tremendous character and obstinate, so maybe he will consider from strategy in visits to the yasukuni shrine, the issue is sedate hold or fuzzy attitude. In addition, in addition to historical issues such as diaoyu island and territorial sea, other problems such as divided, resources competition is the tricky factors affect sino-japanese relations, these problems solve bad can also cause sino-japanese relations of nervous. Therefore, the prospect of china-japan relations is still unclear.
(2) the nuclear crisis challenge
In July, 2005, through the combined efforts of China and other countries for 13 months, the interrupt the nuclear talks, launched the first round again after two stages of tough negotiations, and passed by the China drafted the joint declaration. North Korea's pledge to give up the existing nuclear program, return to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons "treaty; America has promised not to attack with nuclear weapons or conventional weapons or into Korea; The asahi commitment towards America, and take steps to improve bilateral ties to normalize relations, and when appropriate light-water nuclear reactors to north Korea provides discussion. The nuclear problem seemed to have the ballroom situation. But from the nuclear issue past history track look, this time is often the next round of the crisis aura. Soon to explain the common declaration in between, the DPRK has serious differences. North Korea claims it has received the light-water nuclear reactors north Korea will fulfill its after disarmament promises; While the United States believes north Korea should unconditionally, leading to disarm before discussing other problems. Since then the United States and north Korea flatly rejected brought out the so-called "five walk" abandon nuclear plan. November American toward implementing financial sanctions since north Korea, Japan and other western countries due to the reasons such as financial sanctions, has refused to return to the six-party talks, the last several years of six-party talks so have been deadlocked. In July 2006, north Korea not the global community strongly against missile tests, the western countries, particularly Japan is strongly in the UN sanctions against north Korea proposed the Suggestions, tough, including China, last the United Nations security council unanimously approved a cool processing "by the Chinese" limited sanctions against north Korea, the resolution demanding that north Korea suspend all and ballistic missile program related activities.
In people thought that the nuclear question in the new tug-of-war, situation is worsening. October 3, north Korea suddenly announced to deal with "America's growing nuclear threat and it imposed by sanctions and pressure" in the near future, will be held immediately after years of delay, even the nuclear problem into a showdown stage. October 9, north Korea disregard warnings that countries all over the world already successful, announced its first hang grimly. This was an act immediately countries in the world, including China strongly condemned. North Korea is not only to the world even nuclear non-proliferation system for the challenge, but also the China has consistently advocated the principle of peninsula impact. The Korean peninsula the developments become global focus.
North Korea, a sudden crisis even between Chinese security perimeter suddenly become the big challenge. How to respond to this crisis, is to China as a responsible nation ordeal. (but xing enlightenment)
Three of the Shanghai cooperation organization and Russia, the central Asian security
During the cold war, the north China's security perimeter who once the heart but now become a great misfortune, relatively peaceful areas. Since 2006, China and Russia's strategic partner relationship continual development; Meanwhile, the Shanghai cooperation organization as the platform, China and five central Asian countries relationship in security, economic and energy cooperation has achieved remarkable achievement.
(a) the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai cooperation organization was established
2006 is the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai cooperation organization was created in June 2006, Shanghai cooperation organization members together, head of Shanghai was held at the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai cooperation organization summit, summarizes the regional international organization over the past five years development, analyzes the achievements and experience of the situation and task facing organization. This is a significant and unprecedented meeting, the meeting except the sco member of Russia, the head of five central Asian countries outside, and India, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan four observer, with Shanghai cooperation organization established a cooperative relationship or on behalf of heads of state, and leaders of international organizations concerned. Summit, countries were signed ten copies of important documents, covers the political, economic, safe and humane various areas of cooperation. The success of this event held, fully shows the Shanghai cooperation organization broad international influence and vigorous vitality, is the group development, marks a milestone in the Shanghai cooperation organization will enter into a new stage of development.
1. President hu jintao said about construction of grain are region mouth suggestion cause strong reaction
Chinese President hu jintao put forward at the summit in the speech to this region, building into a lasting peace and common prosperity of all regions, bluegrass mouth words of the Shanghai cooperation organization was better goal and arduous task. Both bluegrass mouth words around construction area, hu put forward four Suggestions: (1) strengthen strategic cooperation, consolidate good-neighborly and friendly. Mutual respect and support each member's interests and concerns, strengthen the in international and regional affairs and coordination and cooperation, timely consultation on major regional and international respond to the common measures. (2) the deepening practical cooperation, driving the all-round development. The Shanghai cooperation organization's top priority is to pay attention to the existing agreement implementing work, do the practical work, for efficiency, accept beneficially. Therefore, the legal framework, customs, transportation, multilateral investment protection agreement and adopt really measures. Implement a group of many parties are involved as soon as possible, the common benefit of economic and technical cooperation projects. (3) expand cultural exchanges, to solidify the social basis. Actively carry out various forms of cultural exchange and cooperation. Earnestly implement the summits of the education cooperation agreement by the joint training talents, increase the strength, ensure each member people's friendship for generations. (4) open cooperation and maintain world peace. Hope the international community respect for members of the organization and observer to independently choose the social system and road to development, respect for countries to its national pursues according to peace, friendship and cooperation, for all internal and external policies provide both bluegrass mouth words, loose external environment.
President hu jintao's four-point proposal separately from a strategic cooperation, economic cooperation, cultural exchange and road to development in four aspects, the future development of the Shanghai cooperation organization forward concrete and operational planning, fully embodies the Chinese words "hetian mouth is the spirit of the world" diplomatic concept. It is worth noting, hu in the proposals explicitly proposed "concluded the Shanghai cooperation organization long-term good-neighborly friendship and cooperation pact" this convention will help to consolidate each member of political trust and collaboration based, ensure the organization's lasting vitality, shows the Shanghai cooperation organization with long-term development strategy.
2. "Shanghai international cooperation spirit" as a new mode of innovation significance
The Shanghai cooperation organization the success experience, be summed up with a "Shanghai spirit". The fifth anniversary of the Shanghai cooperation organization declaration point out: "this organization is that it has been the smooth development of the following 'mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, negotiate, respect for diversity civilization and seeking common development' 'Shanghai spirit'. As the organization a complete basic concept and the most important standards of behaviour, it enrich contemporary international relations theory and practice, embodies the international society to achieve democracy in international relations." the universal demand of international society of Shanghai spirit 'new, seek the non-confrontational international relationship model has a very important significance, this mode request abandon the cold war mentality, transcend ideological differences." The so-called "Shanghai spirit", advocate and practice is unswervingly mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, negotiate, respect for diversity civilization and seeking common development, it has rooted in each member's foreign policy, values and norms of behavior, more and more universal among the international implications.
As a new international security model, the Shanghai cooperation organization five years practice innovation significance is gradually recognized. This practice abandoned the traditional outlook of cold war thinking in recent years in China, which advocated by the "new security concept" ideology. Each member in resolving the common security threats agree on: give up against, ease conflicts, strengthen trust, maintain stable. This is the primary problem to solve the current premise, but also the future cooperation to prevent other security threats factors principles. This "abandon the cold war thinking, transcend ideological differences" security cooperation thoughts for the current international society seeks new, non-confrontational international relationship model has important guiding significance.
3. Economic cooperation and security cooperation co-front-runner
Economic cooperation is the sco one of the important cooperation content. For the implementation of the agreement and decided to Shanghai summit, promote members practical cooperation, September 2006 in tajikistan capital held DuShangBie Shanghai cooperation organization member prime minister. The fifth meeting The meeting's mission is to implement in June 2006, Shanghai summit, a consensus of leaders of many countries, deepened and developed this organization every field cooperation further discussed. Chinese premier wen jiabao in meeting the sco put forward to promote economic, safe and humane etc cooperation of the specific steps and measures, and points out the sco economic priority is to do the practical work, ask the actual effect, accept beneficially. In pointed out the member economic cooperation based on existing problems, Suggestions from the policy guidance, funding, information services create necessary conditions, make economic cooperation has more practical results. Shanghai cooperation organization from the long-term development look, expand and deepen economic cooperation will develop the sco offers strong energy source.
Shanghai cooperation organization anti-terrorism cooperation is another major contents of the Shanghai cooperation organization, the predecessor of the "Shanghai five" early in "September 11," he explicitly proposes before counterterrorism. Security counterterrorism cooperation is still summit leaders focus of concern. The declaration to comprehensively deepen combating terrorism, separatism and extremism and illegal drug trafficking, listed as the sco priority attention direction. In recent years, Shanghai cooperation organization to the deepening of the anti-terrorism cooperation further. According to the agreement, in August 2006 and September, China and kazakhstan, tajikistan, the two countries held separately, code-named "tianshan - 1 (2006)", the joint anti-terrorism exercise in code-named "cooperation - and the 2006" ZhongDa joint anti-terrorism military exercise. China and the central Asian countries step on the anti-terrorism cooperation to a new level.
(2) to the breadth and depth of development of bilateral strategic partnership
In recent years, bilateral strategic partnership relations have maintained a good development momentum, political trust, economic and trade fields continuously strengthen cooperation with remarkable achievements. In 2006, relationship between China and Russia go forward in breadth and depth, are improved. As in recent years the two leaders mentioned, relationship between China and Russia is at a historically best period. This is mainly embodied in the following aspects:
(1) the two countries signed the treaty of good-neighborliness and friendly cooperation, for the friendly relationship between the two countries provides legal protection. As in May 2006 between the two countries and eastern china-russia borders according to the supplementary agreement, which successfully solved the boarder last question, eliminate the history of the two countries have long plagued border dispute, for the healthy development of the relationship between the two countries has cleared the obstacles.
(2) sino-russian executives have been kept frequent visits, all levels of staff contact and communication continuously strengthen. In 2006, Russian President vladimir putin for the visit of the early marks in development partnership between China and Russia -- and made an important step. The summit showed that between leaders of the two countries established close trust relations, the relationship between China and Russia has reached an unprecedented height.
(3) the two countries deepen ceaselessly, political trust international strategic cooperation prospect. Both China and Russia are major countries with significant influence and permanent member of the UN security council, both sides in recent years in counter-terrorism, the nuclear issue and the Iranian nuclear crisis and many other major international and regional issues of the same or similar affections between China and Russia, mutual depend on their position for the important strategic partner.
(4) economic and other fields of cooperation between China and Russia expanding relations between the two countries, become the important development of the two countries based, promote good-neighborly relations to the depth and breadth of further development. During the 1990s chinese-mongolian trade once encounter difficulties, in recent years, the rapid development of bilateral economic and trade relations, in less than five years of bilateral trade volume tripled in time. 2005 trade between China and Russia $29.1 billion, a year-on-year increase compared to the national foreign trade growth, 37.1% 14 percent. This increase has greatly exceed sino-russian trade long-term planning as determined by 20 percent to 25 percent annual growth of, there is reason to believe that the two leaders put forward by 2010 trade reach 600 million ~ $80 billion goal completely realized. The two countries in the investment cooperation also unceasing development, China in Russia have 557 investment projects with total investment of about 20 million us dollars, the Russian investment in China more than 5 million us dollars. The two countries energy cooperation expands unceasingly, in 2005 Russia's oil exports more than 800 tons, become China's fifth-largest oil supplier. At present the two countries are working together, the two sides trade department drafting a 2006 ~ 2010 sino-russian economic cooperation development outline, the key is to increase the energy exports to China in Russia.
Can foresee a few years later, China may become Russia's main foreign trade partners, both sides will be increasingly close economic relations. In addition to energy cooperation, the two countries in the forestry products processing, construction, communication, tourism, education market etc exist extensive cooperation prospect.
(5) continuously strengthen cultural exchanges between the two countries. As China's 2006 "Russian year", plans to launch 200 activity, this will help people from the two countries promote mutual understanding, deepen friendship, strengthening and expanding the social basis of the relationship between the two countries, further strengthen bilateral strategic partnership.
Forward in relations between the two countries, but also exposed some problems. On the one hand despite the economic cooperation between the two countries in developing quickly, but the rate of economic growth and quality behind the two countries to the level of political partner, Russian trade accounts for only 2% of the total amount of China's foreign trade, and insufficient trade with China in Russia 10% of total foreign trade volume. Moscow on the two countries trade structure has displayed, hope to improve equipment and the proportion of manufactured goods. This structure factors of both energy prices, deeper then reflects Russia processing industry competitive inadequate. On the other hand, as relations between the two countries in energy cooperation is an important foundation also exist some problems, mainly is Russia's in shadow repeatedly, hearts and China wary of Russian energy investment suppress China into the field. Abe, big line or merely Japan aggravating due to their interests in Russia, is also important reasons. 2,000-year-old Russia is fully aware of the power, their energy advantage up energy diplomacy, consciously will as a kind of political method tries to use, in this respect some practice has been some countries too anxiety and alert. Although in Russia has wide between the energy cooperation prospects, therefore, we need to make greater efforts, but due to energy security consideration, China needs to pay more attention to the diversification of energy channels. Of course, the above problems exist and can't radically affect the overall relationship between China and Russia forward, but attention and solve these problems will contribute to the long-term development of the relationship between the two countries.
(3) China and five central Asian countries
1. The strategic position of the central Asia and power competition
Central Asia for China national security has great significance, no matter from the traditional political security, or emerging energy security are such. The central Asia globalization-the than general geographic significance concept, referring to small central Asian range before the fall of the Soviet union independent five central Asian countries namely, kazakhstan, uzbekistan, turkmenistan, kyrgyzstan, and tajikistan. Central Asia is both transfixion Eurasian transportation hub, and is the intersection of civilization, the world's oil supply routes is still an important strategic position very important area,.
According to British geopolitical politicians wheat was repeated that sentence ginde reference "(" famous" syllogistic who ruled the central Asia, who took control of the islands; who ruled the world island, who took control of the world. "), central Asia and even is the only way to control the world. Judging from the contemporary international politics, mike ginde "famous" unavoidably have exaggerated disrelish the important role of central Asia, but indeed nots allow to ignore. Especially considering the central Asian rich petroleum resources, is even more so.
After the Soviet union collapsed in a period of, central Asia and become into power vacuum state for land country. The Afghan war, American borrow in the name of fighting terrorism in Russia, under the acquiescence of military forces, stretching into central Asia, profoundly changed the central Asian geopolitical structure. Facing the U.S. penetration and shunned by the United States repeatedly from the Russian adjustment, and the United States in central Asia policy on secretly competition. America and Russia for the strategy of central Asia to central Asia, will geopolitical situation, international strategic pattern and the relevant countries produce significant influence.
The United States to central Asia penetration means basically has two kinds: one is anti-terrorism, fame on terror military presence in central Asia to strengthen; Second, in recent years the "colour revolutions" fame, to expand democracy by "color revolution" foster pro-american regimes in central Asia. Since 2006, once rumbles "color revolution" and not in central Asia continued to spread. "Color revolution" is the collapse of the Soviet union in the wake of the political earthquake, but also internal political corruption in these countries with external factors, of which the result of the interaction of the internal factors is the key. Because of religious factors in central Asia, America wants to push to American democracy, probably will, it is difficult to produce the desired soil disaffected effect.
2. The significance of central Asia for China
For China, central Asia's significance lies in: first, the region in western China to maintain the stability of the frontier is very important. In xinjiang region and kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan has three kingdoms for 3,000 kilometers of boundary, there is a complicated ethnic and religious relations. From the influence of Chinese security perspective, the main factors are not threatened central Asia "color revolution", but religious extremism. Central Asian stability helps to keep the peace, deal with the border with central Asian countries, help the relationship between central Asian country stable political situation, can make the central Asian become the xinjiang and religious extremists zone; And processes is not good, central Asia may be infected with religious extremism. Second, according to energy experts estimate, even without the Caspian oil counted, central Asia is second only to the Middle East, Siberia's third-largest oil accumulations area, central Asia rich petroleum resources for China's economic development is of great significance. Development and central Asian economic relationship especially energy cooperation, the history of the "silk road" became modern "energy" road of China energy source, is to achieve diversification strategy, ensure that China's energy security important segment. At present, China and the central Asian relations of cooperation is around the Shanghai cooperation organization of multilateral framework and the bilateral relations with other countries on two levels. China should give full play to the Shanghai cooperation organization in energy cooperation, vigorously develop the role of the energy cooperation with central Asia.
3. The energy cooperation between China and central Asia
China's current energy security in the supply of energy transit security cannot onefold and ego safeguard mbt shoes uk weakness. But the oil is not exist in central Asia this problem. Central Asia is not only oil is rich in resources, supply a guarantee, and can use pipeline in transportation cost and safety, is much better than by sea. Therefore, development and central Asia energy cooperation between China and central Asian relationship is always the important segment. In recent years, both sides co-operation on energy has made a great progress. In May 2004, China national petroleum corporation and kazakhstan national petroleum corporation, signed the republic of kazakhstan, about the People's Republic of China tower Sue to ala shan kou crude oil pipeline construction basic principle agreement, caused extensive concern of both at home and abroad. At a time when oil pipeline problems between the two countries in the fan innings in two countries, co-star startup, oil pipeline construction projects, undoubtedly, to China's energy security strategy, to kazakhstan crude oil exports diversification has the significant practical significance. On May 25, 2006 962 kilometers, presidents of the formal start of oil pipeline, oil, this is in recent years Chinese seek oil import source diversified another big progress, be helpful for China's energy security. (but xing enlightenment)
Four India and South Asia
In recent years, the attention of the international community about India increased, and are keen to India's development and China to compare. This first, because India's rapid economic development, India's economic growth rate stays at average 7%, at this pace, India will rise as the world another economic powers. Second is from India unique geopolitical characteristics, in the so-called "unrest in" the crescent arc region, the Indian subcontinent occupies the center of the Indian subcontinent, and India is the political pattern development, another Indian Ocean the dominant force in the world as important energy channel is highly regarded. Third, India as "the biggest democratic state," is also influenced by western countries favored one reason.
(a) gradually moving towards the stable india-pakistan "cold peace"
The south Asian subcontinent india-pakistan conflict was once one of regional hot spots, in recent years,mbt shoes uk the traditional hot witnessed a gradual cooling trend, the mumbai bombings happened in 2006 from flank proved this point.
July 11, 2006, in India the serial train bombings in mumbai happen, killing more than 200 people were killed nearly 13 years, is the largest Indian suffered terrorist attacks. Bombings led to quell years of relations between India and Pakistan comeback waves. Although Pakistan after the incident immediately denounced the terrorist attacks, india-pakistan peace process have been forced to delay WaiChangJi talks to two nuclear powers, India and the peace process coated with deep shadow. Although the attacks disastrous, but didn't trigger further conflict between the two countries. The Indian side in things do not completely ascertained, adopted a restrained attitude. It also seems to show that although the Kashmir dispute settlement still around are65 between two long-term hostile nuclear-weapon states, have formed a kind of relatively stable "cold peace" mechanism.
The bombings triggered further india-pakistan without conflict with the Pakistani government, is clearly against terrorism related, on the other hand also reflects the new characteristics of relations between India and Pakistan. In recent years, as India's mbt sandals sale rapid economic development, originally not balanced India and Pakistan to India's relative strength further tilt. But this power imbalance between the two countries, it hasn't led to conflict intensifies, reason has two aspects: (1) the imbalance in both conventional power is largely made up of nuclear weapons for the both sides would hand nuclear weapons, no one dared to light qi orchestrated, this is a kind of under the peace based on the deterrent. (2) the strategic vision of India already exceeded traditional india-pakistan conflict, more is in the present-day world, India intended to cast powers strategic ambitions, unwilling to take the india-pakistan conflict have tired. The two common formed between India and Pakistan of "cold peace" mechanism, of course, this "cold peace" doesn't mean contradictory, but temporary freeze to eliminate.
1. The yasukuni shrine question become the biggest obstacle of sino-japanese relations
In recent years, YuZhongRi relationships across the yasukuni shrine biggest obstacle is. Japanese prime minister junichiro koizumi sino-korean Korea and other countries despite strong opposition from class-a war criminals would visits to a shrine honoring the yasukuni shrine, causes the two countries' top normal communication by complete disruption political foundation of. In October 2005, Mr Koizumi in its prime minister tenure, fifth visit to the yasukuni shrine, people on its watch sino-japanese relations of the basic improvement no longer have any hope.
2006 relationship continues, emerged in recent years, and the political apathy situation the cracks between the political relations have further increase the trend. First, the Japanese prime minister junichiro koizumi remorselessly visits to the yasukuni shrine, cause sino-japanese high-level visits continue to interrupt; Second, the delimitation and energy issues, Japan attempted to put the beneficial to its own line between the scheme YuZhongFang, and buy imposed the common development in Chinese, ignoring the advice to Chinese was propositioned by requirements; Third, in expanding the scope of the japan-american ally, Japan began to publicly challenge the core interests in China; Fourth, to the folk sino-japanese cracks have extended the trend. A survey showed that the each other between the two countries folk rate is negative in further improve cognition. In China and the United States, Europe, Russia, India and the relations between big powers overall improvement and development under the background of sino-japanese political relations, the cold or even retrogress is especially prominent.
In the debate to treat history, overall liability must be in Japanese side; there's no wordiness. But not least, historical issues for the two countries inspires nationalism thought, this kind of social ideological trend in turn further restrict each other diplomatic adjustment space, making the sino-japanese relations on a "gear effect", watched each other relations step by step towards deterioration. Japan in recent years in sino-japanese relations "ShuaHeng", since Japan's domestic political transformation, social ideological trend of increasing the right-wing, also and sino-japan reflect rapid narrowing gap of strength are constantly, toward the direction of China's advantageous to the development trend of the relevant. According to exchange rates, in the early 1990s, China's GDP only Japan's 1/8, now has shrunk to nearly 1/3, consider parity, the gap between factors could be more little. Facing China's "rise", since the Meiji restoration of sino-japanese power since the real possibility pattern reversed, make Japan felt unprecedented anxiety. Again, from the overall relationship more than 2,000 years, most of the time history watching China's lead, Japan but lead for more than 100 years just. So we need to calm down, stand higher than Japan, see farther, "mirror, face the future".
2. Alert the so-called "Asian democracy alliance"
Nearly a year in dealing with China, Japan is advocating the new trend of so-called "Asian democracy alliance", as the history of China has criticized the counterspell means problems. In the so-called "democracy", ever has generally not low-key, Japan in western countries as so-called "democracy" and "human rights" as an excuse for China's attack. But recently, Japan part of public in coordination with U.S. dignitaries, so-called "transformation diplomacy", started talking about China's democratization, trying to put China's political system and the "China threat theory" that links in Asia, establish "democracy advocates national alliance", as a means of counterbalance Chinese.
The so-called "transformation diplomacy" another word, is the current secretary of state condoleezza rice on January 18, 2006 at the Georgetown university in Washington for the transformation of titled "shaped American diplomacy: the diplomatic situation" 21st century presented in the speech. "Transformation diplomacy" includes two meanings, the first layer also is the most important significance lies in the United States through diplomatic promotion to the definition of democracy, which contributed to the democratic state to the transformation of democratic countries. The second mean America's embracing democratic political methods and tools, also is the transformation of the transformation of diplomacy. Rice explicitly pointed out that the United States "transformation of diplomatic" mainly aimed at the object is China, Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, and South Africa is emerging regional leading countries. The bush administration has always hang with the so-called "mouth edge in extended democracy" strategic schooling.
Taro aso in 2005 October after taking Japanese foreign minister position, published on "my Asian strategy - Japan should become Asia's practice of Thought Leader, a pioneer of the long speech clarify his own foreign policy idea, is Japan to take a leadership role in east Asia a declaration. In his speech Mr Aso of Japan's so-called highly boasted democratic achievements, claiming "Japan has accumulated more than Asian countries rich experiences", should be "continue to be examples of Asia". Taro aso speech reflects growing up Japan after world war ii with the new generation of politicians, some of the universal mind they face China not only no guilt, but there is a blind superiority, claiming that what "democratic regime never bow to repressive regimes.
This is the batch of politicians in the history of the important psychological foundation stubborn.
Japan part of so-called "Asia dignitaries, advocating democratic alliance, is being some" Taiwan independence "molecular spare no effort to preach to use. Worth our vigilance, a so-called the u.s.-japan alliance is concealed the prototype of the platform, the alliance is not only the forming of military alliance, is the so-called democracy alliance, using so-called democracy to press China also is not impossible. Japan advocates democracy in Asia, has apparently aimed at China, but has so that China to its historical problem counter criticism intentions. Attitude
3. Crossing
Sino-japanese in recent years around the yasukuni shrine dispute, is basic reason is that the Japanese society, but also the YouQingHua with Mr Koizumi has relationship personality. The longest tenure as Japan's post-war Japanese prime minister koizumi's personal charisma to Japan's political influence is the vast majority of Japanese prime minister incomparable, his policy with strong individual imprinting. Because people of Mr Koizumi of china-japan relations improve leadership utterly disappointed, naturally take improving sino-japanese relations of hope after YuXiaoQuan the next session of the Japanese government can converted, so Mr Koizumi's successor candidate become the focus of attention.
In September, 2006, 21, was elected Japan LDP, shinzo Abe, 26, took new national official Japanese prime minister junichiro koizumi become. Mr Abe to improve relations between the incoming bring new opportunities in sino-japanese relations towards improvement seems to that direction. After Abe's first game as press conference, clearly emphasize the importance of china-japan relations, and says to redouble efforts to improve with China and South Korea and other Asian neighbors and Russia relationship. October 8, Abe was invited to visit in five years. The first visit by Japanese prime minister Sino-japanese political relations began bottoming out.
Abe words from the previous view, no thoughts and signs that he will be fundamentally to dance to another tune. But compared with Mr Koizumi, he didn't Mr Koizumi's personal charisma tremendous character and obstinate, so maybe he will consider from strategy in visits to the yasukuni shrine, the issue is sedate hold or fuzzy attitude. In addition, in addition to historical issues such as diaoyu island and territorial sea, other problems such as divided, resources competition is the tricky factors affect sino-japanese relations, these problems solve bad can also cause sino-japanese relations of nervous. Therefore, the prospect of china-japan relations is still unclear.
(2) the nuclear crisis challenge
In July, 2005, through the combined efforts of China and other countries for 13 months, the interrupt the nuclear talks, launched the first round again after two stages of tough negotiations, and passed by the China drafted the joint declaration. North Korea's pledge to give up the existing nuclear program, return to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons "treaty; America has promised not to attack with nuclear weapons or conventional weapons or into Korea; The asahi commitment towards America, and take steps to improve bilateral ties to normalize relations, and when appropriate light-water nuclear reactors to north Korea provides discussion. The nuclear problem seemed to have the ballroom situation. But from the nuclear issue past history track look, this time is often the next round of the crisis aura. Soon to explain the common declaration in between, the DPRK has serious differences. North Korea claims it has received the light-water nuclear reactors north Korea will fulfill its after disarmament promises; While the United States believes north Korea should unconditionally, leading to disarm before discussing other problems. Since then the United States and north Korea flatly rejected brought out the so-called "five walk" abandon nuclear plan. November American toward implementing financial sanctions since north Korea, Japan and other western countries due to the reasons such as financial sanctions, has refused to return to the six-party talks, the last several years of six-party talks so have been deadlocked. In July 2006, north Korea not the global community strongly against missile tests, the western countries, particularly Japan is strongly in the UN sanctions against north Korea proposed the Suggestions, tough, including China, last the United Nations security council unanimously approved a cool processing "by the Chinese" limited sanctions against north Korea, the resolution demanding that north Korea suspend all and ballistic missile program related activities.
In people thought that the nuclear question in the new tug-of-war, situation is worsening. October 3, north Korea suddenly announced to deal with "America's growing nuclear threat and it imposed by sanctions and pressure" in the near future, will be held immediately after years of delay, even the nuclear problem into a showdown stage. October 9, north Korea disregard warnings that countries all over the world already successful, announced its first hang grimly. This was an act immediately countries in the world, including China strongly condemned. North Korea is not only to the world even nuclear non-proliferation system for the challenge, but also the China has consistently advocated the principle of peninsula impact. The Korean peninsula the developments become global focus.
North Korea, a sudden crisis even between Chinese security perimeter suddenly become the big challenge. How to respond to this crisis, is to China as a responsible nation ordeal. (but xing enlightenment)
Three of the Shanghai cooperation organization and Russia, the central Asian security
During the cold war, the north China's security perimeter who once the heart but now become a great misfortune, relatively peaceful areas. Since 2006, China and Russia's strategic partner relationship continual development; Meanwhile, the Shanghai cooperation organization as the platform, China and five central Asian countries relationship in security, economic and energy cooperation has achieved remarkable achievement.
(a) the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai cooperation organization was established
2006 is the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai cooperation organization was created in June 2006, Shanghai cooperation organization members together, head of Shanghai was held at the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai cooperation organization summit, summarizes the regional international organization over the past five years development, analyzes the achievements and experience of the situation and task facing organization. This is a significant and unprecedented meeting, the meeting except the sco member of Russia, the head of five central Asian countries outside, and India, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan four observer, with Shanghai cooperation organization established a cooperative relationship or on behalf of heads of state, and leaders of international organizations concerned. Summit, countries were signed ten copies of important documents, covers the political, economic, safe and humane various areas of cooperation. The success of this event held, fully shows the Shanghai cooperation organization broad international influence and vigorous vitality, is the group development, marks a milestone in the Shanghai cooperation organization will enter into a new stage of development.
1. President hu jintao said about construction of grain are region mouth suggestion cause strong reaction
Chinese President hu jintao put forward at the summit in the speech to this region, building into a lasting peace and common prosperity of all regions, bluegrass mouth words of the Shanghai cooperation organization was better goal and arduous task. Both bluegrass mouth words around construction area, hu put forward four Suggestions: (1) strengthen strategic cooperation, consolidate good-neighborly and friendly. Mutual respect and support each member's interests and concerns, strengthen the in international and regional affairs and coordination and cooperation, timely consultation on major regional and international respond to the common measures. (2) the deepening practical cooperation, driving the all-round development. The Shanghai cooperation organization's top priority is to pay attention to the existing agreement implementing work, do the practical work, for efficiency, accept beneficially. Therefore, the legal framework, customs, transportation, multilateral investment protection agreement and adopt really measures. Implement a group of many parties are involved as soon as possible, the common benefit of economic and technical cooperation projects. (3) expand cultural exchanges, to solidify the social basis. Actively carry out various forms of cultural exchange and cooperation. Earnestly implement the summits of the education cooperation agreement by the joint training talents, increase the strength, ensure each member people's friendship for generations. (4) open cooperation and maintain world peace. Hope the international community respect for members of the organization and observer to independently choose the social system and road to development, respect for countries to its national pursues according to peace, friendship and cooperation, for all internal and external policies provide both bluegrass mouth words, loose external environment.
President hu jintao's four-point proposal separately from a strategic cooperation, economic cooperation, cultural exchange and road to development in four aspects, the future development of the Shanghai cooperation organization forward concrete and operational planning, fully embodies the Chinese words "hetian mouth is the spirit of the world" diplomatic concept. It is worth noting, hu in the proposals explicitly proposed "concluded the Shanghai cooperation organization long-term good-neighborly friendship and cooperation pact" this convention will help to consolidate each member of political trust and collaboration based, ensure the organization's lasting vitality, shows the Shanghai cooperation organization with long-term development strategy.
2. "Shanghai international cooperation spirit" as a new mode of innovation significance
The Shanghai cooperation organization the success experience, be summed up with a "Shanghai spirit". The fifth anniversary of the Shanghai cooperation organization declaration point out: "this organization is that it has been the smooth development of the following 'mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, negotiate, respect for diversity civilization and seeking common development' 'Shanghai spirit'. As the organization a complete basic concept and the most important standards of behaviour, it enrich contemporary international relations theory and practice, embodies the international society to achieve democracy in international relations." the universal demand of international society of Shanghai spirit 'new, seek the non-confrontational international relationship model has a very important significance, this mode request abandon the cold war mentality, transcend ideological differences." The so-called "Shanghai spirit", advocate and practice is unswervingly mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, negotiate, respect for diversity civilization and seeking common development, it has rooted in each member's foreign policy, values and norms of behavior, more and more universal among the international implications.
As a new international security model, the Shanghai cooperation organization five years practice innovation significance is gradually recognized. This practice abandoned the traditional outlook of cold war thinking in recent years in China, which advocated by the "new security concept" ideology. Each member in resolving the common security threats agree on: give up against, ease conflicts, strengthen trust, maintain stable. This is the primary problem to solve the current premise, but also the future cooperation to prevent other security threats factors principles. This "abandon the cold war thinking, transcend ideological differences" security cooperation thoughts for the current international society seeks new, non-confrontational international relationship model has important guiding significance.
3. Economic cooperation and security cooperation co-front-runner
Economic cooperation is the sco one of the important cooperation content. For the implementation of the agreement and decided to Shanghai summit, promote members practical cooperation, September 2006 in tajikistan capital held DuShangBie Shanghai cooperation organization member prime minister. The fifth meeting The meeting's mission is to implement in June 2006, Shanghai summit, a consensus of leaders of many countries, deepened and developed this organization every field cooperation further discussed. Chinese premier wen jiabao in meeting the sco put forward to promote economic, safe and humane etc cooperation of the specific steps and measures, and points out the sco economic priority is to do the practical work, ask the actual effect, accept beneficially. In pointed out the member economic cooperation based on existing problems, Suggestions from the policy guidance, funding, information services create necessary conditions, make economic cooperation has more practical results. Shanghai cooperation organization from the long-term development look, expand and deepen economic cooperation will develop the sco offers strong energy source.
Shanghai cooperation organization anti-terrorism cooperation is another major contents of the Shanghai cooperation organization, the predecessor of the "Shanghai five" early in "September 11," he explicitly proposes before counterterrorism. Security counterterrorism cooperation is still summit leaders focus of concern. The declaration to comprehensively deepen combating terrorism, separatism and extremism and illegal drug trafficking, listed as the sco priority attention direction. In recent years, Shanghai cooperation organization to the deepening of the anti-terrorism cooperation further. According to the agreement, in August 2006 and September, China and kazakhstan, tajikistan, the two countries held separately, code-named "tianshan - 1 (2006)", the joint anti-terrorism exercise in code-named "cooperation - and the 2006" ZhongDa joint anti-terrorism military exercise. China and the central Asian countries step on the anti-terrorism cooperation to a new level.
(2) to the breadth and depth of development of bilateral strategic partnership
In recent years, bilateral strategic partnership relations have maintained a good development momentum, political trust, economic and trade fields continuously strengthen cooperation with remarkable achievements. In 2006, relationship between China and Russia go forward in breadth and depth, are improved. As in recent years the two leaders mentioned, relationship between China and Russia is at a historically best period. This is mainly embodied in the following aspects:
(1) the two countries signed the treaty of good-neighborliness and friendly cooperation, for the friendly relationship between the two countries provides legal protection. As in May 2006 between the two countries and eastern china-russia borders according to the supplementary agreement, which successfully solved the boarder last question, eliminate the history of the two countries have long plagued border dispute, for the healthy development of the relationship between the two countries has cleared the obstacles.
(2) sino-russian executives have been kept frequent visits, all levels of staff contact and communication continuously strengthen. In 2006, Russian President vladimir putin for the visit of the early marks in development partnership between China and Russia -- and made an important step. The summit showed that between leaders of the two countries established close trust relations, the relationship between China and Russia has reached an unprecedented height.
(3) the two countries deepen ceaselessly, political trust international strategic cooperation prospect. Both China and Russia are major countries with significant influence and permanent member of the UN security council, both sides in recent years in counter-terrorism, the nuclear issue and the Iranian nuclear crisis and many other major international and regional issues of the same or similar affections between China and Russia, mutual depend on their position for the important strategic partner.
(4) economic and other fields of cooperation between China and Russia expanding relations between the two countries, become the important development of the two countries based, promote good-neighborly relations to the depth and breadth of further development. During the 1990s chinese-mongolian trade once encounter difficulties, in recent years, the rapid development of bilateral economic and trade relations, in less than five years of bilateral trade volume tripled in time. 2005 trade between China and Russia $29.1 billion, a year-on-year increase compared to the national foreign trade growth, 37.1% 14 percent. This increase has greatly exceed sino-russian trade long-term planning as determined by 20 percent to 25 percent annual growth of, there is reason to believe that the two leaders put forward by 2010 trade reach 600 million ~ $80 billion goal completely realized. The two countries in the investment cooperation also unceasing development, China in Russia have 557 investment projects with total investment of about 20 million us dollars, the Russian investment in China more than 5 million us dollars. The two countries energy cooperation expands unceasingly, in 2005 Russia's oil exports more than 800 tons, become China's fifth-largest oil supplier. At present the two countries are working together, the two sides trade department drafting a 2006 ~ 2010 sino-russian economic cooperation development outline, the key is to increase the energy exports to China in Russia.
Can foresee a few years later, China may become Russia's main foreign trade partners, both sides will be increasingly close economic relations. In addition to energy cooperation, the two countries in the forestry products processing, construction, communication, tourism, education market etc exist extensive cooperation prospect.
(5) continuously strengthen cultural exchanges between the two countries. As China's 2006 "Russian year", plans to launch 200 activity, this will help people from the two countries promote mutual understanding, deepen friendship, strengthening and expanding the social basis of the relationship between the two countries, further strengthen bilateral strategic partnership.
Forward in relations between the two countries, but also exposed some problems. On the one hand despite the economic cooperation between the two countries in developing quickly, but the rate of economic growth and quality behind the two countries to the level of political partner, Russian trade accounts for only 2% of the total amount of China's foreign trade, and insufficient trade with China in Russia 10% of total foreign trade volume. Moscow on the two countries trade structure has displayed, hope to improve equipment and the proportion of manufactured goods. This structure factors of both energy prices, deeper then reflects Russia processing industry competitive inadequate. On the other hand, as relations between the two countries in energy cooperation is an important foundation also exist some problems, mainly is Russia's in shadow repeatedly, hearts and China wary of Russian energy investment suppress China into the field. Abe, big line or merely Japan aggravating due to their interests in Russia, is also important reasons. 2,000-year-old Russia is fully aware of the power, their energy advantage up energy diplomacy, consciously will as a kind of political method tries to use, in this respect some practice has been some countries too anxiety and alert. Although in Russia has wide between the energy cooperation prospects, therefore, we need to make greater efforts, but due to energy security consideration, China needs to pay more attention to the diversification of energy channels. Of course, the above problems exist and can't radically affect the overall relationship between China and Russia forward, but attention and solve these problems will contribute to the long-term development of the relationship between the two countries.
(3) China and five central Asian countries
1. The strategic position of the central Asia and power competition
Central Asia for China national security has great significance, no matter from the traditional political security, or emerging energy security are such. The central Asia globalization-the than general geographic significance concept, referring to small central Asian range before the fall of the Soviet union independent five central Asian countries namely, kazakhstan, uzbekistan, turkmenistan, kyrgyzstan, and tajikistan. Central Asia is both transfixion Eurasian transportation hub, and is the intersection of civilization, the world's oil supply routes is still an important strategic position very important area,.
According to British geopolitical politicians wheat was repeated that sentence ginde reference "(" famous" syllogistic who ruled the central Asia, who took control of the islands; who ruled the world island, who took control of the world. "), central Asia and even is the only way to control the world. Judging from the contemporary international politics, mike ginde "famous" unavoidably have exaggerated disrelish the important role of central Asia, but indeed nots allow to ignore. Especially considering the central Asian rich petroleum resources, is even more so.
After the Soviet union collapsed in a period of, central Asia and become into power vacuum state for land country. The Afghan war, American borrow in the name of fighting terrorism in Russia, under the acquiescence of military forces, stretching into central Asia, profoundly changed the central Asian geopolitical structure. Facing the U.S. penetration and shunned by the United States repeatedly from the Russian adjustment, and the United States in central Asia policy on secretly competition. America and Russia for the strategy of central Asia to central Asia, will geopolitical situation, international strategic pattern and the relevant countries produce significant influence.
The United States to central Asia penetration means basically has two kinds: one is anti-terrorism, fame on terror military presence in central Asia to strengthen; Second, in recent years the "colour revolutions" fame, to expand democracy by "color revolution" foster pro-american regimes in central Asia. Since 2006, once rumbles "color revolution" and not in central Asia continued to spread. "Color revolution" is the collapse of the Soviet union in the wake of the political earthquake, but also internal political corruption in these countries with external factors, of which the result of the interaction of the internal factors is the key. Because of religious factors in central Asia, America wants to push to American democracy, probably will, it is difficult to produce the desired soil disaffected effect.
2. The significance of central Asia for China
For China, central Asia's significance lies in: first, the region in western China to maintain the stability of the frontier is very important. In xinjiang region and kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan has three kingdoms for 3,000 kilometers of boundary, there is a complicated ethnic and religious relations. From the influence of Chinese security perspective, the main factors are not threatened central Asia "color revolution", but religious extremism. Central Asian stability helps to keep the peace, deal with the border with central Asian countries, help the relationship between central Asian country stable political situation, can make the central Asian become the xinjiang and religious extremists zone; And processes is not good, central Asia may be infected with religious extremism. Second, according to energy experts estimate, even without the Caspian oil counted, central Asia is second only to the Middle East, Siberia's third-largest oil accumulations area, central Asia rich petroleum resources for China's economic development is of great significance. Development and central Asian economic relationship especially energy cooperation, the history of the "silk road" became modern "energy" road of China energy source, is to achieve diversification strategy, ensure that China's energy security important segment. At present, China and the central Asian relations of cooperation is around the Shanghai cooperation organization of multilateral framework and the bilateral relations with other countries on two levels. China should give full play to the Shanghai cooperation organization in energy cooperation, vigorously develop the role of the energy cooperation with central Asia.
3. The energy cooperation between China and central Asia
China's current energy security in the supply of energy transit security cannot onefold and ego safeguard mbt shoes uk weakness. But the oil is not exist in central Asia this problem. Central Asia is not only oil is rich in resources, supply a guarantee, and can use pipeline in transportation cost and safety, is much better than by sea. Therefore, development and central Asia energy cooperation between China and central Asian relationship is always the important segment. In recent years, both sides co-operation on energy has made a great progress. In May 2004, China national petroleum corporation and kazakhstan national petroleum corporation, signed the republic of kazakhstan, about the People's Republic of China tower Sue to ala shan kou crude oil pipeline construction basic principle agreement, caused extensive concern of both at home and abroad. At a time when oil pipeline problems between the two countries in the fan innings in two countries, co-star startup, oil pipeline construction projects, undoubtedly, to China's energy security strategy, to kazakhstan crude oil exports diversification has the significant practical significance. On May 25, 2006 962 kilometers, presidents of the formal start of oil pipeline, oil, this is in recent years Chinese seek oil import source diversified another big progress, be helpful for China's energy security. (but xing enlightenment)
Four India and South Asia
In recent years, the attention of the international community about India increased, and are keen to India's development and China to compare. This first, because India's rapid economic development, India's economic growth rate stays at average 7%, at this pace, India will rise as the world another economic powers. Second is from India unique geopolitical characteristics, in the so-called "unrest in" the crescent arc region, the Indian subcontinent occupies the center of the Indian subcontinent, and India is the political pattern development, another Indian Ocean the dominant force in the world as important energy channel is highly regarded. Third, India as "the biggest democratic state," is also influenced by western countries favored one reason.
(a) gradually moving towards the stable india-pakistan "cold peace"
The south Asian subcontinent india-pakistan conflict was once one of regional hot spots, in recent years,mbt shoes uk the traditional hot witnessed a gradual cooling trend, the mumbai bombings happened in 2006 from flank proved this point.
July 11, 2006, in India the serial train bombings in mumbai happen, killing more than 200 people were killed nearly 13 years, is the largest Indian suffered terrorist attacks. Bombings led to quell years of relations between India and Pakistan comeback waves. Although Pakistan after the incident immediately denounced the terrorist attacks, india-pakistan peace process have been forced to delay WaiChangJi talks to two nuclear powers, India and the peace process coated with deep shadow. Although the attacks disastrous, but didn't trigger further conflict between the two countries. The Indian side in things do not completely ascertained, adopted a restrained attitude. It also seems to show that although the Kashmir dispute settlement still around are65 between two long-term hostile nuclear-weapon states, have formed a kind of relatively stable "cold peace" mechanism.
The bombings triggered further india-pakistan without conflict with the Pakistani government, is clearly against terrorism related, on the other hand also reflects the new characteristics of relations between India and Pakistan. In recent years, as India's mbt sandals sale rapid economic development, originally not balanced India and Pakistan to India's relative strength further tilt. But this power imbalance between the two countries, it hasn't led to conflict intensifies, reason has two aspects: (1) the imbalance in both conventional power is largely made up of nuclear weapons for the both sides would hand nuclear weapons, no one dared to light qi orchestrated, this is a kind of under the peace based on the deterrent. (2) the strategic vision of India already exceeded traditional india-pakistan conflict, more is in the present-day world, India intended to cast powers strategic ambitions, unwilling to take the india-pakistan conflict have tired. The two common formed between India and Pakistan of "cold peace" mechanism, of course, this "cold peace" doesn't mean contradictory, but temporary freeze to eliminate.
Institute of world economics and politics cass
China peripheral security environment assessment: in 2005-2006
Institute of world economics and politics cass
An American asia-pacific strategy on the influence of Chinese security perimeter
Peripheral security environment is always the basic Chinese national strategic environment components and important factors "hetian mouth words, construction of China's diplomacy is world" international strategic blueprint, must to shocks is based around the mouth words. This paper argues that, in 2006 China peripheral security environment overall situation is stable, southern pp.7, north west improvement, the eastern nervous, specific presents following characteristics: first, safety south this nearly three years of China's peripheral security posture change trend largest continues, China's current peripheral security threats focused primarily on the eastern Asia and southern regions. Second, as the impact of the important factors Chinese security perimeter, U.S. policy in "containment" and "contact" both in Asia, the United States in strengthening military adjustment and intensified the u.s.-japan security alliance peripheral security of China constitute long-term threat. Third, the sino-japanese political relations continue apathy was once a affects the Chinese security perimeter, along with the new crux of Japanese prime minister's visit, china-japan relations began to show improvement trend. Fourth, the nuclear issue and fast-changing, evolved into a crisis, a significant for Chinese security perimeter test. Fifth, central Asia region to become China's peripheral security in a window.
Through the platform of the Shanghai cooperation organization, China not only keep up with central Asia to peace and stability, and to the border of energy as the core to the deepening economic cooperation gradually. Sixth, in addition to the traditional outside military security, the importance of non-traditional security factors protruding, especially energy cooperation issues will be the future of China's and neighboring countries affect the important variable relationship. Globalization and development of regional cooperation in China and neighboring countries, making the mutual dependence, China's development unprecedented increase impact on the world firstly embodies in neighboring countries and areas, more peripheral countries with China's own development together. Neighboring countries than other countries pay more attention to undoubtedly and profoundly realize China development to the impact of today's world, and at the same time, this concern also unavoidably contains some potential doubts. Therefore, China should construction is the world, says blass mouth starts from first to be around, said all surrounding bluegrass mouth bluegrass said all the world is the cornerstone of the mouth. Neighboring countries, relationships and the development trend of China policy trend namely peripheral security environment, we must attach priority.
The so-called peripheral usually refers to Chinese territory and territorial seas with connected country and region, and given the development of China's foreign relations, in recent years, some scholars in the original peripheral concepts is proposed on the basis of "big peripheral" concept, referring to the above four regional extends outward, west may extend to the Caspian sea and the gulf first, namely and central Asian and South Asia, Middle East regional connected with southeast Asia, eastward into connected to the south Pacific sea. Peripheral security environment is the national strategic environment of the basic components and important factors. With China's own development and regional and international situation changes, neighboring countries in the importance of the more prominent diplomatic global.
This paper refers to the security, included not only the traditional military, political and security, including increasing attention in recent years the counter-terrorism, economy, energy, "non-traditional security" connotation. China peripheral security environment embodies in two levels, multiple content. Two aspects, one is Chinese and neighboring countries bilateral relationship level, 2 it is the regional cooperation multilateral level. Whether bilateral or multilateral relations, and involve political, military, economic, energy and environment multiple content.
This paper analyzed the periphery environment of nearly a year before the situation is given priority to, the unity. Content is divided into five parts: first, American asia-pacific strategy on the influence of China's peripheral security; Second, china-japan relations and northeast Asia security; Third, the Shanghai cooperation organization and Russia, the central Asian security; Fourth, India and South Asia; Fifth, conclusion. In view of the contents of this book other chapters, each part is not trying to arrange, but has the stress.
An American asia-pacific strategy on the influence of Chinese security perimeter
As the world's only superpower, America's strategic substantially affect China's security perimeter, this is also significant in that it is not only affect China security perimeter of a single variables, but also affect other variables global variables. Therefore understanding the current bush administration American asia-pacific security strategy and its influence, is our accurate judgement of the situation, grasp the peripheral security environment change for the important prerequisite.
"Containment + contact" nearly 20 years of U.S. policy toward China's fundamental key, the end of 2005, U.S. policy toward China since the both hands in strengthening. Noteworthy has three trends: one is the U.S. state department around "China is responsible country" talk, 2 it is February 2006 us department of defense "four years defence assessment report" and "march the White House national security report" that the two report "China threat" theory, three is the United States continue to adjust and strengthen its military deployment in the asia-pacific, and alliance experience in new quietly strengthened.
(a) American asia-pacific strategy: how to deal with an emerging power
The core of America's global strategy for global affairs is to maintain its most (we call "hegemony"). In the overall strategy, it under the guidance of the asia-pacific strategic is to prevent the issue in the asia-pacific appear challenge its, leading to the existing order and pattern of so-called "reverse revisionist" countries. And usually, in a different meaning in the international relations theory, the so-called "revisionist" refer to dissatisfaction with the status quo and tendency to change the existing order. America's strategy is focus on maintaining the core unfold supremacy. America's most worried about China's development will likely lead to the United States in Asia influential reduce and even the United States ultimately "squeeze" Asia.
1. China is revisionist country?
In the United States, realism "political mechanics" thinking was very popular. According to this thought, the rise of the emerging countries tend to break the original pattern balance, this is the so-called "revisionist" countries, while America's aim is to prevent this kind of existing balance revisionist countries, namely so-called "the destruction of the status quo."
The hegemonic states aim to maintain existing order, revisionist countries also is the hegemony of the challenger. So sure strategic premise, was to determine whether a status quo in China the country, or the revisionist country, there has been debate within this American. Dominant opinion, China is a certain revisionist tendencies, but target limited, and did not want to run the risk of too big country. Based on this kind of judgment, America to China is taken "contact + contain" strategy. "Contact" means using not mandatory means to improve a rise in the main powers act the factors do not satisfy the current situation, the basic aim is to make the growing power of the way used by peace and order of the regional and global change is consistent. "Containment" is the use of national strength policy changes to the status quo deterrent rise attempt. This policy also called "hedging its bets" (hedge).
2. From "stakeholder" to "responsible stakeholder"
2005 September 21, U.S. deputy secretary of state Robert zoellick (Robert B.Z oellick) in the National committee on u.s.-china Relations (National Relations) China on U.S. Committe u.s.-china Relations problem is titled "China published From where? - a formal member to assume Responsibility" (Whither China: to Membership Responsibility?) - The important speech. Puts forward the so-called "Stakeholder" (Stakeholder) concept, become interpret U.S. policy toward China new trends of vocabulary.
For zoellick speech Chinese scholars have diverse interpretations, the author's understanding is he but reflected the United States government in part to China's pragmatic personage basic judge: first, and the former Soviet union is different, China is existing international system, so China has not benefited overthrow existing international system reason and motivations. Second, since it is the existing international system beneficiaries, China would not only benefit not responsible for, China should bear the corresponding international responsibilities. Zoellick talk clearly identified, "China today is not the late 1940s Soviet comparable". He enumerated four judgement basis: (1) China does not seek to spread the radical anti-american consciousness; (2) the Chinese though not democratic, but don't think they are and global democracy final struggle; (3) China although sometimes adopt mercantilism, but did not consider himself is between capitalism and struggle; (4) the most important is, China don't think our future depends on the basic of the international system to abolish the existing order. "In fact, the situation is the opposite: China's leaders decided that their success depends on and the contemporary world networking." So he decided that "from China's point of view, with our common future development of the international system, more conducive to safeguard China's national interests".
China is the existing international economic system, this point, beneficiaries sino-us say reached a consensus, but if involves international system of political level, the problem is more complex. American scholars ShenDaWei enumerated 35 Asia major issues, including the interests of both countries coincide has 16, conflict with eight, another 11 uncertain.
In July 2006, replace zoellick as competent asia-pacific affairs KeQingSheng (assistant secretary of state hristensen) continue to the Thomas j.carol carroll "stakeholder" this topic. August 3, he in the United States congress the u.s.-china economic and security review commission on the hearing held, the topic to the role of China in the world, China is a responsible stakeholder?" ` s Role in China (the World: China a Stakeholder Is responsibility?) Theme speech. Its core is analysis of America to China international role orientation and on U.S. policy toward China motif. In his speech KeQingSheng took up zoellick "Stakeholder" of the topic, and will promote the step, put forward the so-called "Responsible Stakeholder" (Stakeholder) this evaluation responsibility the new concept of China international role. In his speech KeQingSheng on China and the existing countries continue to sure the relationship that the United States system of China's rise will not, America's strategy as threat is to continue strengthening and China on constructive interactions. He enumerated between the two states in the United Nations, the world trade organization, asean region BBS, apec and other international organizations active cooperation, affirmation China in the six-party talks, the Iran nuclear issue, Afghanistan rebuild, prevention and cure disease, improve energy supply global safeguard etc. Play a major role Meanwhile KeQingSheng also hobbyhorse America to China human rights and religious freedom, trade imbalances, non-proliferation, military transparency and support of the so-called "problem", the criticism of the state. Based on the "performance" of China, he clearly put the judgment of China is not a "responsible stakeholder", but China could become, and the United States encourage China to become a "responsible stakeholder". That is to say, according to the U.S. to China's judgment, although China "conduct" some badly, but still belong to "but education good object", therefore to and "rogue states" distinguish treat.
The Chinese government in the 1990s is clearly put China is "responsible stakeholder", but for a "responsible" content and standard, China and the United States know there is gap. China's so-called "responsible" is to the world, China does not think the United States is responsible for in this issue with the referee's qualification. In addition, the responsibility is mutual and FeiChanXiang, requirement to the United States, then China responsible for Chinese American also should the responsibility. On the one hand strong arms sales to Taiwan, on the other hand also accused the Chinese "military opaque", this is unacceptable. "Responsible" connotation about the different maintain, reflects on what is "should international relations" this problem of recognition, sino-american profound differences existing idea. Nearly 30 years of reform and opening up process shows that China has been trying to change themselves, but how changing, China is according to the direction of identified themselves in advance with the United States, neither against the painstakingly, also won't turn down the American baton. If the United States to China have unrealistic "hope" that eventually can only be disappointed. This kind of hope and disappointed alternant, constitute one reason for oscillation of the sino-us relations.
(2) American asia-pacific military layout adjustment and strengthened alliance
Since the 1990s as the United States since the end of the cold war, an important part of the global military adjustment, the United States has been in the adjustment of its Asia Pacific military layout, with more strategic focus attention in Asia Pacific region, the japan-american security system as the core, consolidate and strengthen bilateral military alliance. The core of America's global military adjustment task is to make U.S. "fine, strong, fast", aims to improve the modern, digital and mobile rapid response capability, maintain frontier military presence. U.S. increasing ability of the remote launch, broke the traditional American asia-pacific military presence geographic category, break through the traditional military cooperation relationship rely solely on base form, make its troop with transatlantic, cross-regional to relevant national or regional military action ability. The United States from three aspects the military adjustment of the war on terror to consider: one is to need; 2 it is in order to cope with the possible regional conflicts; Three is in response to emerging countries.
The product of the cold war as the u.s.-japan alliance, not only with the end of the cold war and exit the stage of history, but has repeatedly strengthened, become the pillar of the American asia-pacific strategy, in recent years, has also undergone the u.s.-japan alliance new improved. In February 2005, the two countries foreign minister and defence minister Washington at the so-called "2 + 2" meet and issued a joint statement, not only says belong to China's internal affairs of the Taiwan issue into their "common strategic objectives", also put forward and studied U.S. military base in Japan is used jointly with Japan's self-defense forces base problem.
The japan-american "2 + 2" joint declaration, is the purpose of the United States in an attempt to become, the military alliance on a global scale, which not only endanger world peace, and will threaten Japanese own peace and security. On May 1, 2006, japan-us security consultation committee meeting (" 2 + 2 "meeting), is the American military in Japan agreed to relocate, published the japan-american" concerning the implementation of the American military in Japan "and redeploy roadmap" 2 + 2 "conference joint statement. At the end of June 2006, Japanese prime minister junichiro koizumi's visit to the United States, and President bush talks and published the new century the japan-american alliance "with the common document, the" common values and interests is the base of the japan-american alliance expanded to "global scale", cooperation between the two countries scope will beyond the traditional security area, marks the japan-american alliances strengthened to a new level.
American asia-pacific military deployment of adjustment, especially the new round of strengthening u.s.-japan military alliance of China and the asia-pacific region, the peace and stability will lead to serious negative effect. The Chinese think, mbt shoes uk the japan-american alliance is a kind of bilateral arrangements, its action should be controlled in bilateral range, should not detrimental to the security interests of third countries. Especially since Taiwan strait complex sensitive, us-japan if from maintenance focused on regional peace and stability in the Taiwan issue, be sure to caution, don't send independence forces error messages.
(3) contact, containing both hands in strengthening
Skill pull skill choke, preventing add contact is America's strategic consistent policy, just different times, the priorities of the different tactics. Generally speaking, the military more emphasis on "prevent" side, the state council more emphasis on "contact" side. If Robert zoellick and KeQingSheng speech more embodies the contact side, then February 2006 us department of defense "four years defence assessment report" and "march the White House national security report" is gives prominence to prevent side of China. The former claimed that "China's military strength development has achieved the extent of change the local military balances," accusing China of the so-called military expenditure is not transparent. In June, 2006, held in Singapore 4th Asian security meeting, Chinese scholars us-japan of Chinese military opaque accused to us defense secretary Donald rumsfeld FanJie way: the United States military is transparent, but the United States has repeatedly to wage war, visible military transparency and war does not necessarily linked. Rumsfeld was speechless. The latter puts forward three America to China increased concern: one is Chinese military spending bill "transparency"; 2 it is China's energy security in the global seek the way and market open enough; Three is China support those energy rich countries and disregard the governments in these countries engaged in so-called "tyranny".
Institute of world economics and politics cass
An American asia-pacific strategy on the influence of Chinese security perimeter
Peripheral security environment is always the basic Chinese national strategic environment components and important factors "hetian mouth words, construction of China's diplomacy is world" international strategic blueprint, must to shocks is based around the mouth words. This paper argues that, in 2006 China peripheral security environment overall situation is stable, southern pp.7, north west improvement, the eastern nervous, specific presents following characteristics: first, safety south this nearly three years of China's peripheral security posture change trend largest continues, China's current peripheral security threats focused primarily on the eastern Asia and southern regions. Second, as the impact of the important factors Chinese security perimeter, U.S. policy in "containment" and "contact" both in Asia, the United States in strengthening military adjustment and intensified the u.s.-japan security alliance peripheral security of China constitute long-term threat. Third, the sino-japanese political relations continue apathy was once a affects the Chinese security perimeter, along with the new crux of Japanese prime minister's visit, china-japan relations began to show improvement trend. Fourth, the nuclear issue and fast-changing, evolved into a crisis, a significant for Chinese security perimeter test. Fifth, central Asia region to become China's peripheral security in a window.
Through the platform of the Shanghai cooperation organization, China not only keep up with central Asia to peace and stability, and to the border of energy as the core to the deepening economic cooperation gradually. Sixth, in addition to the traditional outside military security, the importance of non-traditional security factors protruding, especially energy cooperation issues will be the future of China's and neighboring countries affect the important variable relationship. Globalization and development of regional cooperation in China and neighboring countries, making the mutual dependence, China's development unprecedented increase impact on the world firstly embodies in neighboring countries and areas, more peripheral countries with China's own development together. Neighboring countries than other countries pay more attention to undoubtedly and profoundly realize China development to the impact of today's world, and at the same time, this concern also unavoidably contains some potential doubts. Therefore, China should construction is the world, says blass mouth starts from first to be around, said all surrounding bluegrass mouth bluegrass said all the world is the cornerstone of the mouth. Neighboring countries, relationships and the development trend of China policy trend namely peripheral security environment, we must attach priority.
The so-called peripheral usually refers to Chinese territory and territorial seas with connected country and region, and given the development of China's foreign relations, in recent years, some scholars in the original peripheral concepts is proposed on the basis of "big peripheral" concept, referring to the above four regional extends outward, west may extend to the Caspian sea and the gulf first, namely and central Asian and South Asia, Middle East regional connected with southeast Asia, eastward into connected to the south Pacific sea. Peripheral security environment is the national strategic environment of the basic components and important factors. With China's own development and regional and international situation changes, neighboring countries in the importance of the more prominent diplomatic global.
This paper refers to the security, included not only the traditional military, political and security, including increasing attention in recent years the counter-terrorism, economy, energy, "non-traditional security" connotation. China peripheral security environment embodies in two levels, multiple content. Two aspects, one is Chinese and neighboring countries bilateral relationship level, 2 it is the regional cooperation multilateral level. Whether bilateral or multilateral relations, and involve political, military, economic, energy and environment multiple content.
This paper analyzed the periphery environment of nearly a year before the situation is given priority to, the unity. Content is divided into five parts: first, American asia-pacific strategy on the influence of China's peripheral security; Second, china-japan relations and northeast Asia security; Third, the Shanghai cooperation organization and Russia, the central Asian security; Fourth, India and South Asia; Fifth, conclusion. In view of the contents of this book other chapters, each part is not trying to arrange, but has the stress.
An American asia-pacific strategy on the influence of Chinese security perimeter
As the world's only superpower, America's strategic substantially affect China's security perimeter, this is also significant in that it is not only affect China security perimeter of a single variables, but also affect other variables global variables. Therefore understanding the current bush administration American asia-pacific security strategy and its influence, is our accurate judgement of the situation, grasp the peripheral security environment change for the important prerequisite.
"Containment + contact" nearly 20 years of U.S. policy toward China's fundamental key, the end of 2005, U.S. policy toward China since the both hands in strengthening. Noteworthy has three trends: one is the U.S. state department around "China is responsible country" talk, 2 it is February 2006 us department of defense "four years defence assessment report" and "march the White House national security report" that the two report "China threat" theory, three is the United States continue to adjust and strengthen its military deployment in the asia-pacific, and alliance experience in new quietly strengthened.
(a) American asia-pacific strategy: how to deal with an emerging power
The core of America's global strategy for global affairs is to maintain its most (we call "hegemony"). In the overall strategy, it under the guidance of the asia-pacific strategic is to prevent the issue in the asia-pacific appear challenge its, leading to the existing order and pattern of so-called "reverse revisionist" countries. And usually, in a different meaning in the international relations theory, the so-called "revisionist" refer to dissatisfaction with the status quo and tendency to change the existing order. America's strategy is focus on maintaining the core unfold supremacy. America's most worried about China's development will likely lead to the United States in Asia influential reduce and even the United States ultimately "squeeze" Asia.
1. China is revisionist country?
In the United States, realism "political mechanics" thinking was very popular. According to this thought, the rise of the emerging countries tend to break the original pattern balance, this is the so-called "revisionist" countries, while America's aim is to prevent this kind of existing balance revisionist countries, namely so-called "the destruction of the status quo."
The hegemonic states aim to maintain existing order, revisionist countries also is the hegemony of the challenger. So sure strategic premise, was to determine whether a status quo in China the country, or the revisionist country, there has been debate within this American. Dominant opinion, China is a certain revisionist tendencies, but target limited, and did not want to run the risk of too big country. Based on this kind of judgment, America to China is taken "contact + contain" strategy. "Contact" means using not mandatory means to improve a rise in the main powers act the factors do not satisfy the current situation, the basic aim is to make the growing power of the way used by peace and order of the regional and global change is consistent. "Containment" is the use of national strength policy changes to the status quo deterrent rise attempt. This policy also called "hedging its bets" (hedge).
2. From "stakeholder" to "responsible stakeholder"
2005 September 21, U.S. deputy secretary of state Robert zoellick (Robert B.Z oellick) in the National committee on u.s.-china Relations (National Relations) China on U.S. Committe u.s.-china Relations problem is titled "China published From where? - a formal member to assume Responsibility" (Whither China: to Membership Responsibility?) - The important speech. Puts forward the so-called "Stakeholder" (Stakeholder) concept, become interpret U.S. policy toward China new trends of vocabulary.
For zoellick speech Chinese scholars have diverse interpretations, the author's understanding is he but reflected the United States government in part to China's pragmatic personage basic judge: first, and the former Soviet union is different, China is existing international system, so China has not benefited overthrow existing international system reason and motivations. Second, since it is the existing international system beneficiaries, China would not only benefit not responsible for, China should bear the corresponding international responsibilities. Zoellick talk clearly identified, "China today is not the late 1940s Soviet comparable". He enumerated four judgement basis: (1) China does not seek to spread the radical anti-american consciousness; (2) the Chinese though not democratic, but don't think they are and global democracy final struggle; (3) China although sometimes adopt mercantilism, but did not consider himself is between capitalism and struggle; (4) the most important is, China don't think our future depends on the basic of the international system to abolish the existing order. "In fact, the situation is the opposite: China's leaders decided that their success depends on and the contemporary world networking." So he decided that "from China's point of view, with our common future development of the international system, more conducive to safeguard China's national interests".
China is the existing international economic system, this point, beneficiaries sino-us say reached a consensus, but if involves international system of political level, the problem is more complex. American scholars ShenDaWei enumerated 35 Asia major issues, including the interests of both countries coincide has 16, conflict with eight, another 11 uncertain.
In July 2006, replace zoellick as competent asia-pacific affairs KeQingSheng (assistant secretary of state hristensen) continue to the Thomas j.carol carroll "stakeholder" this topic. August 3, he in the United States congress the u.s.-china economic and security review commission on the hearing held, the topic to the role of China in the world, China is a responsible stakeholder?" ` s Role in China (the World: China a Stakeholder Is responsibility?) Theme speech. Its core is analysis of America to China international role orientation and on U.S. policy toward China motif. In his speech KeQingSheng took up zoellick "Stakeholder" of the topic, and will promote the step, put forward the so-called "Responsible Stakeholder" (Stakeholder) this evaluation responsibility the new concept of China international role. In his speech KeQingSheng on China and the existing countries continue to sure the relationship that the United States system of China's rise will not, America's strategy as threat is to continue strengthening and China on constructive interactions. He enumerated between the two states in the United Nations, the world trade organization, asean region BBS, apec and other international organizations active cooperation, affirmation China in the six-party talks, the Iran nuclear issue, Afghanistan rebuild, prevention and cure disease, improve energy supply global safeguard etc. Play a major role Meanwhile KeQingSheng also hobbyhorse America to China human rights and religious freedom, trade imbalances, non-proliferation, military transparency and support of the so-called "problem", the criticism of the state. Based on the "performance" of China, he clearly put the judgment of China is not a "responsible stakeholder", but China could become, and the United States encourage China to become a "responsible stakeholder". That is to say, according to the U.S. to China's judgment, although China "conduct" some badly, but still belong to "but education good object", therefore to and "rogue states" distinguish treat.
The Chinese government in the 1990s is clearly put China is "responsible stakeholder", but for a "responsible" content and standard, China and the United States know there is gap. China's so-called "responsible" is to the world, China does not think the United States is responsible for in this issue with the referee's qualification. In addition, the responsibility is mutual and FeiChanXiang, requirement to the United States, then China responsible for Chinese American also should the responsibility. On the one hand strong arms sales to Taiwan, on the other hand also accused the Chinese "military opaque", this is unacceptable. "Responsible" connotation about the different maintain, reflects on what is "should international relations" this problem of recognition, sino-american profound differences existing idea. Nearly 30 years of reform and opening up process shows that China has been trying to change themselves, but how changing, China is according to the direction of identified themselves in advance with the United States, neither against the painstakingly, also won't turn down the American baton. If the United States to China have unrealistic "hope" that eventually can only be disappointed. This kind of hope and disappointed alternant, constitute one reason for oscillation of the sino-us relations.
(2) American asia-pacific military layout adjustment and strengthened alliance
Since the 1990s as the United States since the end of the cold war, an important part of the global military adjustment, the United States has been in the adjustment of its Asia Pacific military layout, with more strategic focus attention in Asia Pacific region, the japan-american security system as the core, consolidate and strengthen bilateral military alliance. The core of America's global military adjustment task is to make U.S. "fine, strong, fast", aims to improve the modern, digital and mobile rapid response capability, maintain frontier military presence. U.S. increasing ability of the remote launch, broke the traditional American asia-pacific military presence geographic category, break through the traditional military cooperation relationship rely solely on base form, make its troop with transatlantic, cross-regional to relevant national or regional military action ability. The United States from three aspects the military adjustment of the war on terror to consider: one is to need; 2 it is in order to cope with the possible regional conflicts; Three is in response to emerging countries.
The product of the cold war as the u.s.-japan alliance, not only with the end of the cold war and exit the stage of history, but has repeatedly strengthened, become the pillar of the American asia-pacific strategy, in recent years, has also undergone the u.s.-japan alliance new improved. In February 2005, the two countries foreign minister and defence minister Washington at the so-called "2 + 2" meet and issued a joint statement, not only says belong to China's internal affairs of the Taiwan issue into their "common strategic objectives", also put forward and studied U.S. military base in Japan is used jointly with Japan's self-defense forces base problem.
The japan-american "2 + 2" joint declaration, is the purpose of the United States in an attempt to become, the military alliance on a global scale, which not only endanger world peace, and will threaten Japanese own peace and security. On May 1, 2006, japan-us security consultation committee meeting (" 2 + 2 "meeting), is the American military in Japan agreed to relocate, published the japan-american" concerning the implementation of the American military in Japan "and redeploy roadmap" 2 + 2 "conference joint statement. At the end of June 2006, Japanese prime minister junichiro koizumi's visit to the United States, and President bush talks and published the new century the japan-american alliance "with the common document, the" common values and interests is the base of the japan-american alliance expanded to "global scale", cooperation between the two countries scope will beyond the traditional security area, marks the japan-american alliances strengthened to a new level.
American asia-pacific military deployment of adjustment, especially the new round of strengthening u.s.-japan military alliance of China and the asia-pacific region, the peace and stability will lead to serious negative effect. The Chinese think, mbt shoes uk the japan-american alliance is a kind of bilateral arrangements, its action should be controlled in bilateral range, should not detrimental to the security interests of third countries. Especially since Taiwan strait complex sensitive, us-japan if from maintenance focused on regional peace and stability in the Taiwan issue, be sure to caution, don't send independence forces error messages.
(3) contact, containing both hands in strengthening
Skill pull skill choke, preventing add contact is America's strategic consistent policy, just different times, the priorities of the different tactics. Generally speaking, the military more emphasis on "prevent" side, the state council more emphasis on "contact" side. If Robert zoellick and KeQingSheng speech more embodies the contact side, then February 2006 us department of defense "four years defence assessment report" and "march the White House national security report" is gives prominence to prevent side of China. The former claimed that "China's military strength development has achieved the extent of change the local military balances," accusing China of the so-called military expenditure is not transparent. In June, 2006, held in Singapore 4th Asian security meeting, Chinese scholars us-japan of Chinese military opaque accused to us defense secretary Donald rumsfeld FanJie way: the United States military is transparent, but the United States has repeatedly to wage war, visible military transparency and war does not necessarily linked. Rumsfeld was speechless. The latter puts forward three America to China increased concern: one is Chinese military spending bill "transparency"; 2 it is China's energy security in the global seek the way and market open enough; Three is China support those energy rich countries and disregard the governments in these countries engaged in so-called "tyranny".
Energy-efficient cars produce less carbon dioxide per kilometer
On the road
1. The economy cars
Energy-efficient cars produce less carbon dioxide per kilometer. Generally speaking,MBT Ema, car weight the bigger the oyster, the carbon dioxide produced more. The small cylinder with economical car SUV, compared with large luxury car emissions at least two times more carbon dioxide. Cross-country type car high safety coefficient, but compare results. Auto cars by hydraulic power transfer to finish, in the work can cause power loss, especially in low-speed driving or traffic, oil consumption in considerable stop-and-go more big.
2. Fuel
Gasoline and diesel: environment-friendly petrol and diesel can improve the performance of the car. It can clean car engine, reduce engine friction, and to make fuel can more fully burning, so as to reduce the pollution of air.
Biological liquid fuel: biological liquid fuel compared with traditional vehicle fuel, could potentially bring carbon dioxide emissions. China is already the world's third largest ethanol producer and use kingdom. Fuel ethanol in nine provinces of the vehicle fuel market has been popularized and use.
3. Wise travel
First planned to set the best route.
Think travel demand. Try to use public transport.
You ever think of family and friends carpool with a car? You really need to fly? May a conference call the more save time, money and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
4. Car maintenance
Well, to ensure the daily maintenance car can optimally exercise. Procuratorial MBT Staka,tyre pressure and oil. Need not when, roof racks and boxes down, because these will make the car by more than 10 percent efficiency.
5. When driving
Driving from cooperate, maintain attention oil per hour in the economy. Tests have shown that the accelerator exactly than a moderate speed fee oil 2 -- 3 times, so while driving fierce brake, fierce started as possible is big, smooth start.
Standing in line, traffic, avoid the person or engine idling. The motor ticking over three minutes of fuel consumption can make cars driving 1 km. Therefore, if retention time more than 1 minute, he should die.
6. Improve go out to handle affairs the efficiency
Unless necessary, not go driving alone. Every time before going out to do things, list for breath done. So can reduce the energy consumption and traffic jams caused environmental pollution.
When shopping
1. Shopping bags or repeated use own plastic shopping
Plastic materials mainly from non-renewable coal, oil and natural gas mineral energy, save plastic bags is to save the earth energy. Our country each year more than one million tons of plastic waste quantity, "used the plastic bags and forget" not only caused a huge waste of resources, and make garbage rising dramatically.
2. Buy local products
Buy local products in product shipment can reduce the carbon dioxide produced. For example: according to the environment, food and rural affairs published a report in Britain, 8%, from the release of carbon dioxide from car carrying the local product of the vehicle.
3. Buy seasonal products
Buy seasonal fruits and vegetables can reduce greenhouse grow crops. Many greenhouse all consume large amounts of energy to grow the seasonal products.
Soil raises one party person, one of the most suitable local natives edible foodMBT Kisumu2,. Local production, maintenance, and other commodities convenient and low cost. Seasonal food is the most appropriate in the growth of the species under the natural ecology, the most mature eutrophication, also of the fledgling add few products. While food not only expensive anti-season less, add and nutrition pesticide, fertilizer and ecbolic agent is a health hazard.
4. Reduce meat, eggs, milk and other foodstuffs related procurement
Livestock will consume the more than two-thirds of cultivated land; Earth produced methane,mbt shoes uk for it accounted for 16% of animal husbandry. Meat production, packaging, transport and cooking energy use more than plant food, on the trigger greenhouse occupied the proportion of human behavior as 25%.
5. With less disposable products
Mall filled with disposables: disposable tableware, one-time toothbrush, one-time raincoat, disposable felt-tip... Disposables has brought people short conveniences, but for the ecological environment brought disaster. They quickened the earth resource depletion and generate lots of junk cause environmental pollution. For example, with disposable chopsticks annually to Japan and South Korea in export about 150 million m3, need loss 200 million square meters of forest resources.
6. Don't fell into the trap of luxury goods
More fashionable goods, renewal and the faster. Whether electronic products or fashionable clothing, the businessman by constantly innovation, the temptation to motivate people. Those who pursue luxury consumption "moonlight clan" and "car slave", "card slave", not only waste of resources, still make his back heavy economic chains, actually is rich or "negative", only where the shoe pinches.
7. Excessive packaging
Note purchase packaging the simple product. This represented in the packagingMBT Kisumu, production process, consumes less energy. Reduced sent to landfill garbage and also reduce the economic burden on consumers.
8. Used in circulation materials of benefits
Much less than the original materials manufacturing products, using recycled materials manufacturing products, general consume less energy. For example: recycled steel to produce energy consumed by using new steel less than 75%.
Global warming was a wake-up call to us, the earth, is facing a great challenge. Protect the earth, is to protect our home.
Editor this segment
Reduction manual
Less buy unnecessary clothes
Clothing in the production, processing and transport process, to consume large amounts of energy and produce waste gas, waste water pollutants such as life needs. In guarantee per person per year, under the precondition of less buy an unnecessary clothes can save the energy, the corresponding BiaoZhunMei about 2.5 kg carbon-dioxide emissions 6.4 kilograms. If each year about 25 million people do this, can BiaoZhunMei energy about 6.25 million tons, 16 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions.
Reduce the sheet when lodging hotel change frequently
Sheet, quilts, etc washing consumes water, electricity and washing powder, MBT Panda,and less change once, can save electricity 0.03 degrees, water and detergent 22.5 grams litres, carbon-dioxide emissions 50 grams, the corresponding. If the national 8880 star hotels (2002) "green rooms adopt data" standard advice (3 days), replace a sheet annually about 1.6 million tons of BiaoZhunMei comprehensive energy conservation, emissions of carbon dioxide 4 million tons.
Adopt energy-saving mode laundry
(1) monthly wash a clothes
Along with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, washing machine has entered innumberable families. Although washing machine give life big help, but only two or three pieces of clothing machine, can cause with the waste water and electricity per month. If wash instead of once every washing machine washable 1.4 kilograms per year BiaoZhunMei energy, the corresponding carbon-dioxide emissions 3.6 kilograms. If the national 1.9 YiTai washing machines with less time, therefore each month so annual BiaoZhunMei for saving energy MBT Habari, about 26 million tons, emitting carbon is 68.4 tons.
1. The economy cars
Energy-efficient cars produce less carbon dioxide per kilometer. Generally speaking,MBT Ema, car weight the bigger the oyster, the carbon dioxide produced more. The small cylinder with economical car SUV, compared with large luxury car emissions at least two times more carbon dioxide. Cross-country type car high safety coefficient, but compare results. Auto cars by hydraulic power transfer to finish, in the work can cause power loss, especially in low-speed driving or traffic, oil consumption in considerable stop-and-go more big.
2. Fuel
Gasoline and diesel: environment-friendly petrol and diesel can improve the performance of the car. It can clean car engine, reduce engine friction, and to make fuel can more fully burning, so as to reduce the pollution of air.
Biological liquid fuel: biological liquid fuel compared with traditional vehicle fuel, could potentially bring carbon dioxide emissions. China is already the world's third largest ethanol producer and use kingdom. Fuel ethanol in nine provinces of the vehicle fuel market has been popularized and use.
3. Wise travel
First planned to set the best route.
Think travel demand. Try to use public transport.
You ever think of family and friends carpool with a car? You really need to fly? May a conference call the more save time, money and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
4. Car maintenance
Well, to ensure the daily maintenance car can optimally exercise. Procuratorial MBT Staka,tyre pressure and oil. Need not when, roof racks and boxes down, because these will make the car by more than 10 percent efficiency.
5. When driving
Driving from cooperate, maintain attention oil per hour in the economy. Tests have shown that the accelerator exactly than a moderate speed fee oil 2 -- 3 times, so while driving fierce brake, fierce started as possible is big, smooth start.
Standing in line, traffic, avoid the person or engine idling. The motor ticking over three minutes of fuel consumption can make cars driving 1 km. Therefore, if retention time more than 1 minute, he should die.
6. Improve go out to handle affairs the efficiency
Unless necessary, not go driving alone. Every time before going out to do things, list for breath done. So can reduce the energy consumption and traffic jams caused environmental pollution.
When shopping
1. Shopping bags or repeated use own plastic shopping
Plastic materials mainly from non-renewable coal, oil and natural gas mineral energy, save plastic bags is to save the earth energy. Our country each year more than one million tons of plastic waste quantity, "used the plastic bags and forget" not only caused a huge waste of resources, and make garbage rising dramatically.
2. Buy local products
Buy local products in product shipment can reduce the carbon dioxide produced. For example: according to the environment, food and rural affairs published a report in Britain, 8%, from the release of carbon dioxide from car carrying the local product of the vehicle.
3. Buy seasonal products
Buy seasonal fruits and vegetables can reduce greenhouse grow crops. Many greenhouse all consume large amounts of energy to grow the seasonal products.
Soil raises one party person, one of the most suitable local natives edible foodMBT Kisumu2,. Local production, maintenance, and other commodities convenient and low cost. Seasonal food is the most appropriate in the growth of the species under the natural ecology, the most mature eutrophication, also of the fledgling add few products. While food not only expensive anti-season less, add and nutrition pesticide, fertilizer and ecbolic agent is a health hazard.
4. Reduce meat, eggs, milk and other foodstuffs related procurement
Livestock will consume the more than two-thirds of cultivated land; Earth produced methane,mbt shoes uk for it accounted for 16% of animal husbandry. Meat production, packaging, transport and cooking energy use more than plant food, on the trigger greenhouse occupied the proportion of human behavior as 25%.
5. With less disposable products
Mall filled with disposables: disposable tableware, one-time toothbrush, one-time raincoat, disposable felt-tip... Disposables has brought people short conveniences, but for the ecological environment brought disaster. They quickened the earth resource depletion and generate lots of junk cause environmental pollution. For example, with disposable chopsticks annually to Japan and South Korea in export about 150 million m3, need loss 200 million square meters of forest resources.
6. Don't fell into the trap of luxury goods
More fashionable goods, renewal and the faster. Whether electronic products or fashionable clothing, the businessman by constantly innovation, the temptation to motivate people. Those who pursue luxury consumption "moonlight clan" and "car slave", "card slave", not only waste of resources, still make his back heavy economic chains, actually is rich or "negative", only where the shoe pinches.
7. Excessive packaging
Note purchase packaging the simple product. This represented in the packagingMBT Kisumu, production process, consumes less energy. Reduced sent to landfill garbage and also reduce the economic burden on consumers.
8. Used in circulation materials of benefits
Much less than the original materials manufacturing products, using recycled materials manufacturing products, general consume less energy. For example: recycled steel to produce energy consumed by using new steel less than 75%.
Global warming was a wake-up call to us, the earth, is facing a great challenge. Protect the earth, is to protect our home.
Editor this segment
Reduction manual
Less buy unnecessary clothes
Clothing in the production, processing and transport process, to consume large amounts of energy and produce waste gas, waste water pollutants such as life needs. In guarantee per person per year, under the precondition of less buy an unnecessary clothes can save the energy, the corresponding BiaoZhunMei about 2.5 kg carbon-dioxide emissions 6.4 kilograms. If each year about 25 million people do this, can BiaoZhunMei energy about 6.25 million tons, 16 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions.
Reduce the sheet when lodging hotel change frequently
Sheet, quilts, etc washing consumes water, electricity and washing powder, MBT Panda,and less change once, can save electricity 0.03 degrees, water and detergent 22.5 grams litres, carbon-dioxide emissions 50 grams, the corresponding. If the national 8880 star hotels (2002) "green rooms adopt data" standard advice (3 days), replace a sheet annually about 1.6 million tons of BiaoZhunMei comprehensive energy conservation, emissions of carbon dioxide 4 million tons.
Adopt energy-saving mode laundry
(1) monthly wash a clothes
Along with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, washing machine has entered innumberable families. Although washing machine give life big help, but only two or three pieces of clothing machine, can cause with the waste water and electricity per month. If wash instead of once every washing machine washable 1.4 kilograms per year BiaoZhunMei energy, the corresponding carbon-dioxide emissions 3.6 kilograms. If the national 1.9 YiTai washing machines with less time, therefore each month so annual BiaoZhunMei for saving energy MBT Habari, about 26 million tons, emitting carbon is 68.4 tons.
does not mean that Japan cannot develop some loose
Of course, an alliance impossible, does not mean that Japan cannot develop some loose form of cooperation relations, does not prevent tripartite on important international issues of cooperation. With three bilateral relationship between between print for the improvement and development of the trilateral cooperation, create a favorable condition for countries to the necessity and possibility of the trilateral cooperation in understanding also forms gradually. In recent years, the paper discusses the problems of the trilateral cooperation in scholars level respectively, have been in Beijing, Delhi and Moscow held many relevant international academic conferences, three scholars generally think of trilateral cooperation has the great significance, should actively promotes and put into action. Summit in Russia, Russia and China agreed to establish, MBT Panda, Russia, India and triangular cooperation mechanism, think this mechanism helps give full play to the economic development of three kingdoms, also can strengthen the potential to deal with the international society faces new threats and new challenge of the ability. The key is to find out the trilateral cooperation that can be accepted by the parties, and not for the first four of forms of cooperation.
Anyhow, India's foreign strategy is a big strategic, Lord highly both print, MBT Kisumu2, also don't blindly the relations between the United States, but to seek in follow balance between the great powers and actively developing friendly relations with Russia's tradition. India policy toward China compare "triangle alliance" pragmatic, admittedly less, but are unlikely to act as America's strategic contained pieces.
(3) sino-indian economic relations and energy cooperation significance
From the geopolitical standpoint, South Asia in Asia have been in a relatively independent status, in western colonial invades Asia before, the two nations have never happened, what does not exist in conflict for the issue. India advocate between countries and insist on equality, non-interference in each other's basic norms governing international relations, between China and India no fundamental conflict of interest. Although the two countries used beset by boundary problem, but in recent years the bilateral relationship development is rapid, sino-indian co-operation become mainstream, relations between the two countries, especially trade relations with rapid development. BilateralMBT Habari,trade between the two countries continue to grow, from 1995 to $11.6 billion of increased to the 2005 187 billion dollars, with annual growth of 32%, according to current growth of bilateral trade between India and China will be advanced to achieve the intended target of $200 billion. India has become China in South Asia's largest trading partner, China has become India's second largest trade partner. Economic complementarities between the two countries, strong cooperation prospect.
The sino-indian economic cooperation and trade show a powerful momentum has caused worldwide concern sino-indian bilateral trade growth potential, strengthening.
Anyhow, India's foreign strategy is a big strategic, Lord highly both print, MBT Kisumu2, also don't blindly the relations between the United States, but to seek in follow balance between the great powers and actively developing friendly relations with Russia's tradition. India policy toward China compare "triangle alliance" pragmatic, admittedly less, but are unlikely to act as America's strategic contained pieces.
(3) sino-indian economic relations and energy cooperation significance
From the geopolitical standpoint, South Asia in Asia have been in a relatively independent status, in western colonial invades Asia before, the two nations have never happened, what does not exist in conflict for the issue. India advocate between countries and insist on equality, non-interference in each other's basic norms governing international relations, between China and India no fundamental conflict of interest. Although the two countries used beset by boundary problem, but in recent years the bilateral relationship development is rapid, sino-indian co-operation become mainstream, relations between the two countries, especially trade relations with rapid development. BilateralMBT Habari,trade between the two countries continue to grow, from 1995 to $11.6 billion of increased to the 2005 187 billion dollars, with annual growth of 32%, according to current growth of bilateral trade between India and China will be advanced to achieve the intended target of $200 billion. India has become China in South Asia's largest trading partner, China has become India's second largest trade partner. Economic complementarities between the two countries, strong cooperation prospect.
The sino-indian economic cooperation and trade show a powerful momentum has caused worldwide concern sino-indian bilateral trade growth potential, strengthening.
Compared with large scale trade, mutual investment is negligible
Rapid development in China and India trade while, still want to see the two countries some deep economic interaction.
Compared with large scale trade, mutual investment is negligible. By the end of 2005, China 4735 million dollars to invest in India, printed one hundred ninety-six project investment in China, contract amount to 421 million - the actual investment 1.22 billion dollars. Based on the so-called "safety", because the Chinese for India infrastructure investment projects has been subjected to obstruct, some Chinese telecom companies to India's investment is not approved, Hong Kong hutchison whampoa, huawei, zte, Chinese companies investing India port, communication industry many times when was forbidden. China enterprise investment activity was banned repeatedly, MBT Panda,to a great extent, and the two countries didn't reach bilateral investment protection agreement about. Chinese enterprises face discrimination in India, two countries that still lack enough political relationship trust, and the lack of trust is the further economic interaction fabricated barriers.
China and India in the 21st century's rise is already the undisputable fact, but the development of both countries also faces many of the same problems, energy demand is key. Yet India's land area is not small, but resources are not rich, is actually resources small, 70% of the domestic demand for oil imports. History for energy struggle between countries toward conflict is not uncommon, MBT Shuguli GTX,cases of sino-indian can avoid opted to not only relates to whether the two countries will walk the road of peace and development, but also related to Asian and world peace and stability. In 2006, China and India have before each other in overseas oil assets malignant competition, the internecine experience. As the two largest developing country, China and India both sides gradually realized that the significance of energy cooperation. Two countries begin to cooperation, in January, 2006, India's oil minister's visit, the two countries signed a memorandum of cooperation and for the energy bid for overseas oil assets to obtain win-win results. Sino-indian energy cooperation in theory is feasible, once successful cooperation, the two sides in improving buying overseas assets strength, price game ability, or even eliminate Asian "premium", "Asian premium" refers to the Middle East country sells to Asian prices,MBT Kisumu, sold to Europe and the United States than the average 1 ~ 2 dollars higher than average barrel, Asian countries each year to pay more for 50 million to 100 million dollars. For Asian "premium" in 2005, China's oil imports to reach more than the amount paid $5.4 billion. "The existence of Asian premium" for Asian economic competitiveness adversely affect. International energy say increased respect is to be expected. And this cooperation show that between the great powers can be a win-win relationship is rather than zero and. (but xing enlightenment)
Compared with large scale trade, mutual investment is negligible. By the end of 2005, China 4735 million dollars to invest in India, printed one hundred ninety-six project investment in China, contract amount to 421 million - the actual investment 1.22 billion dollars. Based on the so-called "safety", because the Chinese for India infrastructure investment projects has been subjected to obstruct, some Chinese telecom companies to India's investment is not approved, Hong Kong hutchison whampoa, huawei, zte, Chinese companies investing India port, communication industry many times when was forbidden. China enterprise investment activity was banned repeatedly, MBT Panda,to a great extent, and the two countries didn't reach bilateral investment protection agreement about. Chinese enterprises face discrimination in India, two countries that still lack enough political relationship trust, and the lack of trust is the further economic interaction fabricated barriers.
China and India in the 21st century's rise is already the undisputable fact, but the development of both countries also faces many of the same problems, energy demand is key. Yet India's land area is not small, but resources are not rich, is actually resources small, 70% of the domestic demand for oil imports. History for energy struggle between countries toward conflict is not uncommon, MBT Shuguli GTX,cases of sino-indian can avoid opted to not only relates to whether the two countries will walk the road of peace and development, but also related to Asian and world peace and stability. In 2006, China and India have before each other in overseas oil assets malignant competition, the internecine experience. As the two largest developing country, China and India both sides gradually realized that the significance of energy cooperation. Two countries begin to cooperation, in January, 2006, India's oil minister's visit, the two countries signed a memorandum of cooperation and for the energy bid for overseas oil assets to obtain win-win results. Sino-indian energy cooperation in theory is feasible, once successful cooperation, the two sides in improving buying overseas assets strength, price game ability, or even eliminate Asian "premium", "Asian premium" refers to the Middle East country sells to Asian prices,MBT Kisumu, sold to Europe and the United States than the average 1 ~ 2 dollars higher than average barrel, Asian countries each year to pay more for 50 million to 100 million dollars. For Asian "premium" in 2005, China's oil imports to reach more than the amount paid $5.4 billion. "The existence of Asian premium" for Asian economic competitiveness adversely affect. International energy say increased respect is to be expected. And this cooperation show that between the great powers can be a win-win relationship is rather than zero and. (but xing enlightenment)
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